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Chapter 1 (Bacterial Growth) Flashcards

Part 4

1
Q

It usually refers to reproduction

A

Bacterial growth

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2
Q

Majority of bacterial cells reproduce by:

A

binary fission

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3
Q

The time required for a cell to divide

A

Generation/doubling time

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4
Q

4 basic phases of bacterial growth

A

Lag
Logarithmic/ exponential growth
Stationary or plateau
Death or logarithmic decline

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5
Q

Phase of rejuvenescence or physiologic youth
Period of adaptation & little to no division
Cells are NOT dormant

A

Lag

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6
Q

At the end of this period, all individual cells usually have lost their reserve storage granules

A

Lag

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7
Q

Cellular reproduction is mot active and gen time reaches minimum

Cells are most active metabolically and are most susceptible to adverse conditions

A

Logarithmic/ exponential growth

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8
Q

Eventually growth rate slows down that he number of microbial deaths balances the number of new cells and population size stabilizes

Metabolic activity slows down

A

Stationary/ plateau

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9
Q

Number of deaths exceeds the number of new cells formed

A

Death/ logarithmic decline

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10
Q

Nutritional requirements

A
  1. Carbon (Autotroph, Heterotroph)
  2. Nitrogen
  3. Inorganic Ions (S, P, K, Mg, Cal, Fe, Cu-Mo, Zn)
  4. Growth factors (B complex, Amino acids, purines + pyrimidines)
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11
Q

Require only water, inorganic salts, and CO2 for growth

Can utilize CO2 as their sole source of carbon and synthesize from it the carbon skeletons of all their organic metabolites

A

Autotroph (lithotroph)

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12
Q

Unable to utilize CO2 as their sole source of carbon but require that carbon be supplied in an organic form

Require complex organic molecules (glucose as electron donors)

(bacteria pathogenic for man belongs to this group)

A

Heterotroph (organotroph)

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13
Q

Utilized by organism in either organic or inorganic form

Used in the synthesis of nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) and proteins

A

Nitrogen

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14
Q

Synthesis of sulfur-containing amino acids and vitamins (thiamine and biotin)

A

Sulfur

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15
Q

Synthesis of nucleic acids and phospholipids of the CM

A

Phosphorus

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16
Q

Cofactors for enzymes

A

K, Mg, Cal

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17
Q

They will also stabilize ribosomes, CM, nucleic acids

A

Mg

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18
Q

Trace elements used as cofactors for enzymes

A

Fe, Cu-Mo, Zn

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19
Q

Function as coenzyme

A

B complex vitamins

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20
Q

Manufacture of proteins

A

Amino acids

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21
Q

Synthesis of nucleic acids

A

Purines and pyrimidines

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22
Q

They are found in the culture medium in the form of yeast extract, whole blood or serum

A

Growth factors

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23
Q

Environmental requirements

A
  1. Oxygen
  2. Carbon dioxide
  3. Moisture
  4. Temperature
  5. pH
  6. Ionic strength and osmotic pressure
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24
Q

5 groups of organisms based on O2 requirement

A
  • Strict aerobes
  • Strict anaerobes
  • Microaerophiles
  • Facultative anaerobes/aerobes
  • Aerotolerant anaerobes
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25
Q

Require free O2 (molecular O2) to grow
Possess superoxide dismutase and catalase

A

Strict aerobes

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26
Q

Will not grow in the presence of O2 and may actually be killed by its presence

Lack superoxide dismutase

A

Strict anaerobes

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27
Q

Grow only in low levels of O2

Their limited tolerance is probably due to their sensitivity to superoxide free radicals and peroxides

A

Microaerophiles

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28
Q

Can’t grow anaerobically and under such conditions, will ferment carbohydrates to form stable fermentation products such as lactic acid, acetic acid

A

Facultative anaerobes/ aerobes

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29
Q

When grown in the presence of air, the organisms change their metabolism to an aerobic one in which carbohydrates are oxidized to water and CO2

A

Facultative anaerobes/ aerobes

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30
Q

Display the Pasteur effect in which the energy needs of the cell are met by consuming less glucose under respiratory metabolism than under a fermentative metabolism

includes most pathogenic bacteria

A

Facultative anaerobes/ aerobes

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31
Q

Will grow in the presence of air but do not posses an oxidative metabolism

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

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32
Q

Do not use O2 in their metabolism but carry out a fermentative degradation of carbohydrates even in the presence of O2

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

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33
Q

Posses superoxide dismutase or an equivalent system that neutralizes toxic forms of O2

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

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34
Q

Certain bacteria will grow best with higher CO2 concentration (5-10%)

Capnophiles

A

Carbon dioxide

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35
Q

The major component of the bacterial cell cytoplasm that also dissolves the food materials in the environment

Major constituent of culture media

A

Water

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36
Q

Leads to evaporation of water content

A

Incubation

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37
Q

Can be deleterious to bacterial growth

A

Loss of water

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38
Q

Water through evaporation is incubation

A

Moisture

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39
Q

Loss of water can cause

A

less water available for metabolic pathways

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40
Q

Relative increase in solute concentration in loss of water

A

Can osmotically shock the cell causing lysis

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41
Q

3 groups based on temp requirement

A
  1. Psychrophilic/cryophilic
  2. Mesophilic
  3. Thermophilic
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42
Q

Cold loving organisms
Naturally found in cold water and soil
Range: -5 - 30C
OT: 10 -20C

A

Psychrophilic/cryophilic

43
Q

Range: 10-45C
OT: 20-40C
Bacteria pathogenic for man usually grow best 37C

A

Mesophilic

44
Q

Found in hot springs, rolling compost piles, tropical soils, hot water heaters, hot tubs, thermal vents in the ocean floor

Range: 25-80C
OT: 50-60C

A

Thermophilic

45
Q

pH range that most clinically relevant bacteria prefer

A

near neutral (6.5-7.5)

46
Q

What pH is used in preserving food?

47
Q

ex.
V. cholerae grows best in _____
fungi best in _____

48
Q

Most bacteria are __________ but are killed or inhibited by high concentrations of salt or sugar

A

osmotically tolerant

49
Q

Used as a basis in presenting food

A

ionic strength and osmotic pressure

50
Q

ex.

V. parahaemolyticus needs ____ NaCl

51
Q

3 main purpose of Bacterial Cultivation

A
  1. GROW + ISOLATE bacte present in infection
  2. DETERMINE WHICH bacte CAUSE, contaminants, colonizers
  3. OBTAIN sufficient GROWTH of clinically relevant bacte to allow ID
52
Q

Process of a growing microorganisms by taking bacteria from the infection site by some means of specimen collection and growing them in the artificial environment of the lab

A

Cultivation

53
Q

Required nutrients for in vitro

A

Supplied in culture medium

54
Q

Organisms that grow and multiply in or on a culture medium are referred to as

55
Q

Basis of classification of a culture media

A

Physical state, composition and use

56
Q

Culture media with antibiotics

A

Selectively inhibit and may effectively be used for isolating pathogenic species from a mixed population

57
Q

Also act as inhibitors, not only as indicators, of growth for certain bacteria

58
Q

Preparing culture

A
  1. Media - dehydrated or tablet form
  2. Reconstitute w/ water
  3. Agar (heat - water bath/steam - to dissolve)
  4. Container (petri dish, test tubes)
59
Q

Solid medium
Provide a large surface area permitting good observation of colonies

A

Petri dish (plate)

60
Q

Soli, semisolid media
Covered with cotton plug or screw cap

A

Test tubes

61
Q

When dispensing media into PLATES

A

media should be STERILIZED FIRST before dispensing into sterile plate

62
Q

When dispensing media into TEST TUBES

A

STERILIZATION FIRST before dispensing

63
Q

Culture media should be _______ prior to use

64
Q

Used for media containing serum or certain proteins

A

Inspissation

65
Q

Most common of sterilization

66
Q

Ex. for Inspissation

A

Loeffler’s agar
Lowenstein jensen agar

67
Q

Used for carbohydrates solutions and other liquids that may be denatured by heat

A

Filtration

68
Q

Check for stability
Test QC organisms of known physiologic and biochemical properties

A

Quality control

69
Q

Storage to prevent deterioration and dehydration of media

A

Refrigeration

70
Q

Culture media taken from the refrigerator must be _____________ before use

A

come to room temp

71
Q

Process of bacterial cultivation

A
  1. Inoculation
  2. Incubation
  3. Inspection of cultures
72
Q

Implantation or introduction of specimen into the culture/medium

A

Inoculation

73
Q

Instruments for inoculation

A
  • sterile cotton swab
  • inoculating wire loop/needle
74
Q

Refers to the material used to initiate a new culture of microorganisms or cell

75
Q

Process of inoculation

A

SPECIMEN
|
liquid medium
|
(suspend,mix)

solid medium
|
streak, stab, stab & streak

76
Q

Provide the proper temperature and ventilation

A

Incubation

77
Q

Incubation is usually for a period of

78
Q

Inspection of cultures indications

A
  1. growth in a broth
  2. growth on a solid medium
79
Q

Indications of growth in a broth

A
  • turbidity
  • change in color
  • gas bubbles
80
Q

Indications of growth on solid medium

81
Q

What do you call bacteria that have multiplied will cling together to form a visible mass?

82
Q

Criteria frequently used to characterize bacterial colony:

A
  • Size
  • Pigmentation
  • Shape
  • Surface appearance
  • Consistency and texture
  • Changes in agar media
  • Odor
83
Q

Relative terms aside from mm for Size

A

pinpoint
- small
- medium
- large

84
Q

Forms in shapes of a colony

A
  • punctiform
  • circular (round)
  • filamentous
  • irregular
  • rhizoid
85
Q

Elevations in shape in a colony

A
  • flat
  • raised
  • convex
  • umbonate
  • crateriform
  • Draughtsman colony
86
Q

Margin in shape in a colony

A
  • entire
  • irregular
  • lobate
  • scalloped
  • filiform
  • undulate
  • curled
  • serrate
87
Q

Surface appearance of a colony

A
  • glistening
  • dull
  • translucent
  • opaque
88
Q

Consistency and texture of a colony

A
  1. Dry and friable
  2. Viscous
  3. Smooth
  4. Mucoid
  5. Rough
89
Q

Colony when touched by needle, can be pushed around the surface of the medium

A

Dry and friable

90
Q

Viscous cell mass clings to wire when touched and stringing away from the colony is observed when wire is withdrawn

91
Q

Smooth, glistening and appears homogenous

92
Q

Waterlike, glistening confluent, appearance, which is characteristic of organisms forming slime layer or capsule

93
Q

Surface may be striated or granular

94
Q

Changes in agar media

A
  • hemolytic pattern on BA
  • changes in the color of the pH
  • pitting of agar surface
95
Q

Certain bacteria produce distinct odors that can be helpful in their preliminary ID

96
Q

If use is to make an accurate ID of disease-causing organisms,

A

PURE CULTURE

97
Q

Pure cultures are obtained with the use of

A

SOLID MEDIUM

98
Q

Methods of obtaining pure (axenic) culture

A
  1. Streak plate
  2. Pour plate or spread plate
99
Q

The probably the most practical and most useful method of obtaining discrete/isolated colonies and pure culture

A

Streak plate

100
Q

If the specimen contains only ONE SPECIMEN

A

a pure culture will obtained AFTER INCUBTION of primary plates

101
Q

If specimen has a MIXED POPULATION

A

a pure culture will only be obtained UPON, subculture of a single isolated colony form the primary plate

102
Q

Streak plate methods

A
  1. Simple streaking
  2. Multiple interrupted streaking
  3. 4 Quadrant streaking
103
Q

Generally used as a mean of determining the approximate number of viable organisms in a liquid (water or milk)

Consists of the preparation of a series of dilutions of the specimen

A

Pour plate or spread plate

104
Q

Pour plate/ spread plate express the number of colony as

A

colony forming units (CFU) per ml

Bacteriology Lec (5 decks)

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