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PSCPP - 11 - Shiphandling > Chapter 1 - Arrival > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Arrival Flashcards

1
Q

In a water of depth less than ________ times the vessel’s draft, the marked changes in ship behavior that occur in shallow water will be apparent.

A

1,5

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2
Q

In a water of depth of _____ times the vessel’s draft, the full shallow water effect will be felt.

A

1,2

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3
Q

One of the maneuvers is half astern to bring the vessel dead in the water from ____ knots, leaving the rudder ____________.

A

6 / amidships

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4
Q

One of the maneuvers is a series of backing maneuvers, until the vessel is dead in the water, using the rudder and engine as required to keep the ship’s head within _____degrees of her initial course.

A

10

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5
Q

One of the maneuvers is backing for ______ minutes, starting with the vessel dead in the water, keeping the rudder __________.

A

10 / amidships

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6
Q

One of the maneuvers is turning with the bow thruster, if fitted, to the right and left across the wind. This should be done at ____ knots and at ___ knot.

A

3 / 1

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7
Q

During the turn (hard right turn at 6 knots) do not change the …

A

.. engine speed

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8
Q

The depth under the keel will cause the turning diameter to increase until, in shallow water, it may be as much as ________ the diameter found for the same ship in deep water.

A

twice

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9
Q

Since for practical purposes the rate of turn is about the ________ whether maneuvering in shallow or deep water, the larger area required to complete a turn is not immediately obvious to an observer.

A

same

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10
Q

When handling smaller ships, the ________ diameter and __________ rate of a low speed turn to the left is apparent to the observer, as compared to the turn to the right. These differences become _______significant as ship size increases.

A

smaller / greater / less

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11
Q

The backing and filling maneuver is started with the vessel ___________.

A

dead in the water

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12
Q

In the backing and filling maneuver the vessel can be turned in about ________times her own length.

A

1,5

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13
Q

An excessive number of engine maneuvers are required to back and fill to the ________, and in many cases the ship simply will not make the maneuver.

A

left

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14
Q

There is not much point in collecting data during the ___________ maneuver, as the rate of turn and the turning diameter required to reverse the vessel’s heading are more a factor of the shiphandler’s skill than the ship’s characteristics.

A

backing and filling

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15
Q

In the____________________ maneuver, while proceeding at ______knots put the engine half astern and the rudder ____________. Do nothing further except collect required data as the ship comes to a stop.

A

half astern to dead in the water / 6 / amidships

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16
Q

In the half astern to dead in the water maneuver, the data is most useful if the maneuver is performed when there is a minimum of outside influences and the wind is less than force ________.

A

3

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17
Q

In the half astern to dead in the water maneuver the ship changes heading significantly, in some cases as much as ____ to ____ degrees in shallow water and somewhat _____ in deeper water, although she does not travel a significant distance from her original track.

A

80 / 90 / less

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18
Q

In the half astern to dead in the water maneuver, despite the differences in ship behavior in shallow water as compared to deeper water, there is not much difference in the ____________________ required.

A

stopping distance

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19
Q

The ship moving forward usually wants to ___________ into the wind once the rudder’s effectiveness is lost, and to _______ into the wind once sternway develops.

A

head up / back

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20
Q

In the stop while maintaining control over heading maneuver, the ship is proceeding at 6 knots on a selected base course. The rudder is put _______ and as the ship begins to swing to________, the engine is backed. The ship loses headway while the swing left decreases in rate and finally reverses. When the bow starts swinging to _______, come ahead again with ________ rudder to check and reverse the swing.

A

left / port / right / left

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21
Q

This particular maneuver, ________________________, is obviously important, since it is used to stop or reduce a ship’s speed so a tug can be made up, to shape up for docking, or any number of other important maneuvers in confined waters.

A

stopping while maintaining control over heading

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22
Q

In the stop while maintaining control over heading maneuver it may be necessary to put the rudder ______________ when the engine is going astern so that the ship loses her swing to the _________ as desired.

A

amidships / left

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23
Q

The possible variations in ship’s behavior make shiphandling interesting and ensure that the handling of ships will always be an _______ rather than a ___________.

A

art / science

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24
Q

When the ship is _______________, put the engine half astern and back for a period of _____ minutes so good sternway develops.

A

dead in the water / 10

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25
Q

Advantages of the bow thruster:

A
  • Located at the extreme end of the vessel for maximum effectiveness
  • Available at all times, unlike a tug
  • Gives good lateral control without affecting headway
  • Saves some expenses by reducing the need for tugs
25
Q

Disadvantages of the bow thruster:

A
  • Becomes ineffective as speed increases
  • Less powerful than a modern tug
  • Cannot be used to slow a ship, or hold against a current from ahead or astern
  • Requires continuous maintenance to ensure reliability
  • Unusable at very light drafts
25
Q

The thruster is most useful at speeds of _____ knots or less and should not be relied upon at higher speeds.

A

2

26
Q

It is not so much the power of the thruster that is of interest in the tests, but the __________________ at which the thruster is effective.

A

ship’s speed through the water

27
Q

The many diagrams that show the thruster being effective at speeds of ______ knots and more are a figment of some naval architect’s imagination.

A

6

28
Q

Professionalism in shiphandling entails looking for the _________________, not just a random series of maneuvers that will put the ship in a desired position using a minimum number of bells and helm orders.

A

most effective maneuver

29
Q

The most effective maneuver accomplishes several tasks _________________.

A

simultaneously

30
Q

The vibration felt throughout the ship’s hull tells you the depth of water under the keel is _______________.

A

decreasing

31
Q

Improved steering characteristics as the underkeel clearance ___________ until, in shallow water, a directionally unstable ship becomes __________ to steer and less unstable. This is true only if the ship does not squat so much _________, in which case the stabilizing effects of the shallower water are negated by the change in trim.

A

decreases / easier / forward

32
Q

When UKC decreases, the vessel twists _________ when backed.

A

more

33
Q

When UKC decreases, the trim of the ship changes, the draft increasing more at the bow or stern depending primarily on the ______________.

A

hull form

34
Q

Shallow water effects on vessel maneuvering characteristics (1):

A
  • directional stability becomes more positive
  • rate of turn essentially the same as deep water
  • diameter of turning circle increases to as much as twice thet of deep water turn
35
Q

Shallow water effects on vessel maneuvering characteristics (2):

A
  • speed losses occur with larges changes in heading, but to a lesser extent than in deep water
  • loss of headway with engine stopped less than in deep water
  • head falls off in the same direction, but at greater rates
36
Q

A vessel can have 3 types of directional stability:

A
  • positive
  • negative
  • neutral
37
Q

A ship that tends to steady up when the rudder is put amidships has ____________directional stability.

A

positive

38
Q

If the ship swings at increasing rates of turn when the rudder is amidships she has ____________ directional stability.

A

negative

39
Q

A vessel with ___________ directional stability continues swinging at the present rate, or continues along on her current heading until external forces take charge.

A

neutral

40
Q

_________ rudder for a _________ period of time is needed to check the swing of a directionally unstable ship than is required to start that swing.

A

More / longer

41
Q

As a greater number of full-bodied ships, and especially ships with open sterns and full sections forward, are launched, the condition of ____________ directional stability becomes more common

A

negative

42
Q

Any ship significantly trimmed by the head has ____________ directional stability.

A

negative

43
Q

Full-bodied ships with large block coefficients often squat by the ____________ .

A

head

44
Q

It is apparent then that directional stability increases:

A
  • as the UKC decreases
  • as length increases
  • as drag increases
45
Q

It is apparent then that directional stability decreases:

A
  • as the block coefficient increases
  • as the beam increases for a given length
  • as the area of the forward sections increases relative to the area of the after sections (as the pivot point shifts ahead)
46
Q

The additional effects of specific changes in bottom contour are superimposed on these shallow water effects and cause the ship’s bow to _________ from more shallow water.

A

move away

47
Q

The ship tends to move bodily sideways ____________ a nearby shallow area as her parallel midbody passes that area. This movement is caused by the __________ in velocity of the water flowing through the restricted area between the ship and shoal and the resultant ____________ in pressure on that side of the ship.

A

toward / increase / reduction

48
Q

The stern of the ship tends to move ___________ shallower areas or banks due to the ____________ flow of water to the area behind the ship, and to the ship’s propeller on the side closer to that shallow area.

A

toward / reduced

49
Q

________________is more strongly felt than ______________ and causes a ship to sheer away from a shoal or bank. This is a significant effect that can make steering difficult as the bottom contour changes in shallow water.

A

Bank suction / bank cushion

50
Q

VLCCs remain_____________ maneuverable in shallow water and steer quite _________ with the engine turning ahead and stopped.

A

highly / well

51
Q

In fact, large ships usually steer better in ___________ water with the engine stopped than they do in __________ water. There is no need for a ship to move at excessive speed to maintain steerageway.

A

shallow / deep

52
Q

The most common methods to reduce a ship’s headway include:

A
  • Using the ship’s engine astern
  • Slewing a vessel about a base course
  • Large changes in heading, including a complete round turn
53
Q

The use of the ____________ to reduce a ship’s headway is the easiest and most common method for slowing or stopping any ship. It is also often the least effective.

A

engine astern

54
Q

A preferred method for reducing headway, and with VLCCs often the most practical method, is a series of course changes to starboard and port of the base course, named ________________.

A

slewing maneuver

55
Q

Good seamanship dictates that you contact by VHF any ship that might be concerned and let her know your intentions when ____________ your ship to reduce headway.

A

slewing

56
Q

A rule of thumb is that a VLCC loses _____ to _____ percent of her headway for every ____ degree change in heading. If the ship is proceeding at 12 knots, her headway is reduced to 2 to 3 knots at the completion of a round turn, even though the engine continues to turn ahead for steerageway.

A

25 / 30 / 90

57
Q

The ship completes the round turn in about ____ times her length in deep water, or a bit less than _____ times her length in shallow water.

A

3 / 6

58
Q

The round turn maneuver is useful:

A
  • When in a crossing situation at sea it is necessary to maneuver to avoid collision
  • To slow a ship before arrival at a pilot station
  • To make a lee for a pilot
  • To stop a ship after losing the engine
59
Q

Ships do, in fact, respond to rudders at ___________ speeds if given a chance.

A

very low

PSCPP - 11 - Shiphandling (1 decks)

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