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PSY245 Cognitive Psychology > Chapter 1 - Approaches to human cognition > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Approaches to human cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four (4) main approaches to studying human cognition.

A
  1. Cognitive Neuroscience
  2. Cognitive Psychology
  3. Cognitive Neuropsychology
  4. Computational Cognitive Science.
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2
Q

Most cognitive scientists have adopted the information processing approach, during which an…

A

External stimulus causes internal cognitive processes to occur.

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3
Q

Processing directly affected by the input is known as…

A

Bottom-up processing

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4
Q

Serial processing is when…

A

Only one process occurs at a given time.

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5
Q

Most human cognition involves a mixture of…

A

Bottom-up and Top-down processing.

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6
Q

Parallel Processing

A

Processing in which some or all of the processes involved in a task occur at the same time.

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7
Q

Experimental design issue TASK IMPURITY…

A

A task may rely on a complex mixture of cognitive processes making interpretation of results difficult.

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8
Q

Ecological validity

A

A measure of how test performance predicts behaviour in the real world.

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9
Q

Paradigm Specificity

A

Findings obtained in a given task are sometimes specific to that task and do not generalise to other tasks.

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10
Q

Cognitive Psychology limitations

A

Laboratory studies sometimes lack ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY (behaviour differs from everyday life);

Findings obtained in a given task are sometimes specific to that task and do not generalise to other tasks (PARADIGM SPECIFICITY).

A comprehensive theoretical architecture linking different components of the cognitive system have been lacking.

Theories may apply only to a narrow range of cognitive tasks and tend to be expressed in rather vague terms.

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11
Q

Cognitive Neuropsychology is concerned with…

A

The patterns of cognitive performance shown by patients with brain damage. The study of brain damaged patients can tell us much about normal human cognition.

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12
Q

Ventral

A

Inferior, or towards the bottom of the brain

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13
Q

Bold

A

Blood oxygen level-dependent contrast; this is the signal measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

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14
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Processing that is directly influenced by environmental stimuli

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15
Q

Case-series study

A

A study in which several patients with similar cognitive impairments are tested; this allows consideration of Individual data and variation across individuals

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16
Q

Sulcus

A

A groove or furrow in the surface of the brain

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17
Q

Syndrome

A

The notion that symptoms that often co-occur have a common origin

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18
Q

Top-down processing

A

Stimulus processing that is influenced by factors such as the individual’s past experience and expectations.

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19
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

A technique in which magnetic pulses briefly disturb the functioning of a given brain area. It is often claimed that it creates a short-lived “lesion”. More accurately, TMS causes interference when the brain area to which it is applied is involved in task processing as well as activity produced by the applied stimulation.

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20
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

An approach that aims to understand human cognition by combining information from behaviour and the brain.

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21
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

An approach that aims to understand human cognition by the study of behaviour; a broader definition also includes the study of brain activity and structure.

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22
Q

Cognitive Architecture

A

A comprehensive framework for understanding human cognition in the form of a computer program

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23
Q

Connectionist models

A

Models in computational cognitive science consisting of interconnected networks of simple units; the networks exhibit learning through experience and specific items of knowledge are distributed across numerous units.

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24
Q

Converging operations

A

An approach in which several methods with different strengths and limitations are used to address a given issue.

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25
Q

Computational modelling

A

This involves constructing computer programs that simulate or mimic human cognitive processes.

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26
Q

Implacable experimenter

A

The situation in experimental research in which the experimenter’s behaviour is uninfluenced by the participant’s behaviour.

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27
Q

Lateral

A

Situated at the sides of the brain

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28
Q

Lesions

A

Structural alterations within the brain caused by disease or injury

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29
Q

Magneto-encephalography (MEG)

A

A non-invasive brain-scanning technique based on recording the magnetic fields generated by brain activity

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30
Q

Modularity

A

The assumption that the cognitive system consists of many fairly independent or separate modules or processors, each specialised for a given type of processing

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31
Q

Meta-analysis

A

A form of statistical analysis based on combining the findings from numerous studies on a given issue.

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32
Q

Parallel processing

A

Processing in which two or more cognitive processes occur at the same time.

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33
Q

Medical

A

Situated in the middle of the brain

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34
Q

Paradigm specificity

A

This occurs when the findings with a given experimental task or paradigm are not obtained even when apparently very similar tasks or paradigms are used.

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35
Q

Serial processing

A

Processing in which one process is completed before the next one starts.

36
Q

Single-unit recording

A

An invasive technique for studying brain function, permitting the study of activity in single neurons.

37
Q

Artificial intelligence

A

This involves developing computer programs that produce intelligent outcomes

38
Q

Association

A

The findings that certain symptoms or performance impairments are consistently found together in numerous brain-damaged patients.

39
Q

Back-propagation

A

A learning mechanism in connectionist models based on comparing actual responses to correct ones.

40
Q

Domain specificity

A

The notion that a given module responds selectively to certain types of stimuli (e.g. faces) but not to others.

41
Q

Dorsal

A

Superior, or towards the top of the brain

42
Q

Dissociation

A

As applied to brain-damaged patients, intact performance on one task but severely impaired performance on a different task.

43
Q

Double dissociation

A

The findings that some brain-damaged individuals have intact performance on one task but poor performance on another task, whereas other individuals exhibit the opposite pattern

44
Q

Ecological validity

A

The applicability (or otherwise) of the findings of laboratory studies to everyday settings.

45
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Recording the brain’s electrical potentials through a series of scalp electrodes.

46
Q

Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (efMRI)

A

This is a form of functional magnetic resonance imaging in which patterns of brain activity associated with specific events (e.g. correct vs. incorrect responses on a memory test) are compared.

47
Q

Event-related potentials (ERPs)

A

The pattern of electroencephalograph (EEG) activity obtained by averaging the brain responses to the same stimulus (or very similar stimuli) presented repeatedly.

48
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

A technique based on imaging blood oxygenation using an MRI machine; it provides information about the location and time course of brain processes.

49
Q

Functional specialisation

A

The assumption that each brain area or region is specialised for a specific function (e.g. colour processing, face processing)

50
Q

Gyri

A

Prominent elevated areas or ridges on the brain’s surface (“gyrus” is the singular)

51
Q

Plasticity

A

Changes in brain structure and function dependent on experience that affect behaviour

52
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

A brain-scanning technique based on the detection of positrons; it has reasonable spatial resolution but poor temporal resolution.

53
Q

Posterior

A

Towards the back of the brain

54
Q

Production rules

A

“If…then” or condition-action rules in which the action is carried out whenever the appropriate condition is present.

55
Q

Production systems

A

These consist of very large numbers of “if…then” production rules and a working memory containing information.

56
Q

reverse inference

A

As applied to functional neuroimaging, it involves arguing backwards from a pattern of brain activation to the presence of a given cognitive process

57
Q

Rostral

A

Anterior, or towards the front of the brain

58
Q

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

A

The administration of transcranial magnetic stimulation several times in rapid succession

59
Q

Which cognitive task is designed to tap inhibitory processes and ask participants to name the colour in which colour names are presented?

A

Strop

60
Q

Early versions of the information-processing approach assumed that all processing was:

A

Serial and bottom-up

61
Q

Parallel processing is most likely to occur when:

A

People are highly practised at a task.

62
Q

Which research field attempts to construct computer systems that produce intelligent outcomes, but without necessary regard as to whether the process involved bear a resemblance to those used by humans?

A

Artificial intelligence

63
Q

Which neurologist produced a cytoarchitectonic map of the brain, with many of these numbered regions corresponding to functionally distinct areas?

A

Brodmann

64
Q

The extent to which laboratory findings are applicable to everyday life is called

A

Ecological validity

65
Q

Which ERP component has been used as a measure of the time to detect a semantic mismatch by researchers such as hagoort et al. (2004)?

A

N400

66
Q

A processor in the cognitive system that functions in an independent/separate fashion is termed a

A

Module

67
Q

The notion that parts of the processing system can be impaired by brain damage, but parts cannot be added, form the basis of which cognitive neuropsychology assumption?

A

Subtractivity

68
Q

If one patient performs well on task A, but poor on task B, and another performs poorly on task A, but will on Task B, we say that we have a:

A

double dissociation

69
Q

A group of symptoms or impairments commonly found together is known as a

A

Syndrome

70
Q

In order to address the problem that brain-damaged patients do not represent a homogenous group, many cognitive neuropsychologists use:

A

Case studies

71
Q

The mistaken view that patterns of brain activation provide direct evidence concerning cognitive processing is called:

A

Neuroimaging illusion

72
Q

Technically, the signal measured in fMRI is known by which acronym?

A

BOLD

73
Q

Which computational modelling theory was developed by Anderson (1993)?

A

ACT-R

74
Q

A unit in a connectionist network will produce an output when:

A

The weighted sum of all inputs exceeds a threshold.

75
Q

The process whereby a neural network learns to associate an input pattern with an output pattern, by comparing actual responses against correct ones, is called:

A

Backward propagation

76
Q

Which of the following divides the frontal and parietal lobes of the brain?

A

Central sulcus

77
Q

Which term is used to describe structures that are located at the sides of the brain?

A

Lateral

78
Q

The term that describes how precisely a technique can identify where in the brain a task is being performed is:

A

Spatial resolution

79
Q

Which technique was famously used by Huber and Wiesel (1962, 1979) to investigate visual processes in cats and monkeys?

A

Single-cell recording

80
Q

Averaging together time-locked portions of recordings of the brain’s electrical activity, to produce a single waveform, produces:

A

Event-related potentials

81
Q

PET scans are used to detect changes in:

A

Regional cerebral blood flow.

82
Q

Which of the following techniques can only be applied to brain areas lying just beneath the skull but not to areas overlying muscle?

A

TMS

83
Q

The technique in which a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) is used to measure brain activity is:

A

MEG

84
Q

Which of the following techniques allows us to make the most confident CAUSAL statements?

A

TMS

85
Q

When we find similar results using several different brain-imaging techniques, we say that we have:

A

Converging operations

PSY245 Cognitive Psychology (1 decks)

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