Chapter 1 - Antidotes Flashcards
Name the 3 groups of antidotes
1) Removal of toxins from their site of action (via biochemical and functional detoxification)
2) act as pharmacological receptors
3) acts as functional antagonism
State 4 chelating agents
1) Dimercaprol - 1st chelating agent ask BAL (British anti-Lewis)
2) Urithiol
3) DMSA (dimecaptosuccinic Acid)
4) DMPS (dimecaptopropanesulphinic acid)
Antidote for copper and zinc poisoning
Penicilamine (cuprenyl)
Antidote for iron and aluminium toxicity
Desferioxamine (deferoxamine)
Lead, cadmium and chromium intoxication
CaNa2EDTA
Antidote for acute cyanide intoxication
1) CoNa2EDTA
If unavailable
Na2EDTA + Vitamin B12 (hydrocobalamine)
2) Sodium thiosulfate (first drug of choice)
Enzyme rhodanese in liver catalyse transsulpharation
- thiocyanate
3) sodium nitrite (NaNo2)
4) MetHb producers
5) B12
6) glucosa forms cyahidrins
An antidote for digoxin poisoning
Na2EDTA
Digiband
Antidote for botulism and snake poisons
Antisera
Antidote for methanol intoxication
Ethanol
Fomepizole (i.v)
Antidote for organophosphorus intoxication
Atropine
Severe = atropine + oximes
Diazepam - for CNS and neuromuscular signs
Magnesium sulphate
Clonidine alpha 2 adrenergic agonist
Sodium bicarbonate
Enzymes: butyrlcholinesterase
Phosphotriesterase or hydrolases
Examples of oximes
Pralidoxime
Obidoxime
Toxogonin
2-PAM
Antidote for paracetamol
N-acetyl cysteine
Toxic metabolite of paracetamol (acetaminophen)
NABQI (N-acetyl-P-benzo-quinonimine)
Example of opiates
Morphine, heroine, methadrone, codeine
Antidote of opiate intoxication
Naloxone/Narcon
Antidote for benzodiazepines poisoning (epileptic drugs] — Diazefam
Flumazanil (Anexate)
Antidote for severe B-blocker poisoning (adrenergic antagonist)
Isoprenaline / prenalterol
Name 4 locations of muscarinic receptors:
- smooth muscle
- internal organs
- exocrine glands
- eyes
Name to type of drugs that cause muscarinic syndromes
Opiates
Barbiturates
What are alkaloids and give examples
All drugs derived from plants
Example:
Atropine, morphine & it’s derivatives, caffeine, amidafine etc.
Give 3 locations of nicotinic receptors
- skeletal muscle
- brain
- adrenal glands
Antidotes for atropine intoxication
Physostigmine
Pilocarpine
Antidote for strychnine (which causes tetanic seizures)
Barbiturates
Barbiturates intoxication
Bemegride (Ahypnon)
What can caffeine combat
Antidote for alcohol and morphine
Antidotes for methamoglobinemia
Methylene blue (nitrates and nitrites)
Antidote for iron overload
Desferal
What is activated charcoal good for?
Cyanide, heavy metal, chemicals etc.
Name there MetHb producers
Amyl nitrite
NaNo2
DMAP
State three osmotic diuretic used in the treatment of cerebral oedema
Dexamethozone
Hypertonic solution of glucose (40%)
Manitone
Drug to combat ventricular disrhythmias
Lidocaine
