Chapter 1 - Antidotes

Question 1

Name the 3 groups of antidotes

Answer 1

1) Removal of toxins from their site of action (via biochemical and functional detoxification)
2) act as pharmacological receptors
3) acts as functional antagonism

Question 2

State 4 chelating agents

Answer 2

1) Dimercaprol - 1st chelating agent ask BAL (British anti-Lewis)
2) Urithiol
3) DMSA (dimecaptosuccinic Acid)
4) DMPS (dimecaptopropanesulphinic acid)

Question 3

Antidote for copper and zinc poisoning

Answer 3

Penicilamine (cuprenyl)

Question 4

Antidote for iron and aluminium toxicity

Answer 4

Desferioxamine (deferoxamine)

Question 5

Lead, cadmium and chromium intoxication

Answer 5

CaNa2EDTA

Question 6

Antidote for acute cyanide intoxication

Answer 6

1) CoNa2EDTA

If unavailable

Na2EDTA + Vitamin B12 (hydrocobalamine)

2) Sodium thiosulfate (first drug of choice)

Enzyme rhodanese in liver catalyse transsulpharation
- thiocyanate

3) sodium nitrite (NaNo2)

4) MetHb producers
5) B12
6) glucosa forms cyahidrins

Question 7

An antidote for digoxin poisoning

Answer 7

Na2EDTA

Digiband

Question 8

Antidote for botulism and snake poisons

Answer 8

Antisera

Question 9

Antidote for methanol intoxication

Answer 9

Ethanol

Fomepizole (i.v)

Question 10

Antidote for organophosphorus intoxication

Answer 10

Atropine

Severe = atropine + oximes

Diazepam - for CNS and neuromuscular signs

Magnesium sulphate

Clonidine alpha 2 adrenergic agonist

Sodium bicarbonate

Enzymes: butyrlcholinesterase
Phosphotriesterase or hydrolases

Question 11

Examples of oximes

Answer 11

Pralidoxime

Obidoxime

Toxogonin

2-PAM

Question 12

Antidote for paracetamol

Answer 12

N-acetyl cysteine

Question 13

Toxic metabolite of paracetamol (acetaminophen)

Answer 13

NABQI (N-acetyl-P-benzo-quinonimine)

Question 14

Example of opiates

Answer 14

Morphine, heroine, methadrone, codeine

Question 15

Antidote of opiate intoxication

Answer 15

Naloxone/Narcon

Question 16

Antidote for benzodiazepines poisoning (epileptic drugs] — Diazefam

Answer 16

Flumazanil (Anexate)

Question 17

Antidote for severe B-blocker poisoning (adrenergic antagonist)

Answer 17

Isoprenaline / prenalterol

Question 18

Name 4 locations of muscarinic receptors:

Answer 18

• smooth muscle
• internal organs
• exocrine glands
• eyes

Question 19

Name to type of drugs that cause muscarinic syndromes

Answer 19

Opiates

Barbiturates

Question 20

What are alkaloids and give examples

Answer 20

All drugs derived from plants

Example:
Atropine, morphine & it’s derivatives, caffeine, amidafine etc.

Question 21

Give 3 locations of nicotinic receptors

Answer 21

• skeletal muscle
• brain
• adrenal glands

Question 22

Antidotes for atropine intoxication

Answer 22

Physostigmine

Pilocarpine

Question 23

Antidote for strychnine (which causes tetanic seizures)

Answer 23

Barbiturates

Question 24

Barbiturates intoxication

Answer 24

Bemegride (Ahypnon)

Question 25

What can caffeine combat

Answer 25

Antidote for alcohol and morphine

Question 26

Antidotes for methamoglobinemia

Answer 26

Methylene blue (nitrates and nitrites)

Question 27

Antidote for iron overload

Answer 27

Desferal

Question 28

What is activated charcoal good for?

Answer 28

Cyanide, heavy metal, chemicals etc.

Question 29

Name there MetHb producers

Answer 29

Amyl nitrite

NaNo2

DMAP

Question 30

State three osmotic diuretic used in the treatment of cerebral oedema

Answer 30

Dexamethozone

Hypertonic solution of glucose (40%)

Manitone

Question 31

Drug to combat ventricular disrhythmias

Answer 31

Lidocaine