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Ancient History (H) > Chapter 1 and Gilgamesh > Flashcards

Chapter 1 and Gilgamesh Flashcards

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1
Q

Gilgamesh

A
  • King of Uruk
  • traveled with enkidu
  • Conflicting character
  • heroic/courageous - defeated humbaba, bull of heaven, and made it through the tunnel to Utnapishtim
  • becomes a better person as the book goes on and he goes on adventures
  • searching for eternal life
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2
Q

Enkidu

A
  • created by Aruru to help Gilgamesh be less of a tyrant
  • went on many adventures w/ Gilgamesh
  • Gilgamesh’s best friend
  • defeated humbaba and bull of heaven
  • killed off by the gods
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2
Q

Ishtar

A
  • Goddess of love and war
  • seen as a dark side/ bad
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3
Q

Hero

A
  • heroic qualities:
    - courage
    - bravery
    - respective
  • Gilgamesh was a hero in many ways but was a villain in others
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3
Q

Humbaba

A
  • guardian of the cedar forest
  • wields a lot of power
  • defeated by Gilgamesh
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4
Q

Utnapishtim

A
  • a survivor of the flood
  • granted eternal life
  • helps Gilgamesh
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5
Q

Natural selection

A
  • the best people survive
  • “survival of the fittest”
  • better evolution
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6
Q

Homo Ergaster

A
  • earliest humans
  • originated in africa
  • 150,000 years ago
  • in 50,000 years they evolved into modern homo sapiens
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6
Q

Blombos Caves

A
  • had engravings and paintings
  • artifacts
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6
Q

Homo

A
  • root
  • man or human
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7
Q

BC/BCE AD/CE

A

before Christ
before common era
anono domini - after birth
common era

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7
Q

Hominid

A
  • east Africa
  • 4 million years ago
  • physical appearance changed + adapted
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8
Q

Prehistory

A

before written records

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8
Q

History

A

a methodical study of evidence of the human past
- has to be recorded evidence

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9
Q

Archaeology

A

study of past cultures + civilizations through artifacts
- archaeologists are crucial to the study of human societies existing before recorded history

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9
Q

Culture

A
  • norm a group follows
  • behavior of a group
  • traditions
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9
Q

Historiography

A

systematic study of history

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9
Q

Civilization (defining characteristics)

A

the stage of human social + cultural development and organizational that is considered most advanced
- technology
- agriculture
- religion

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10
Q

Anthropology

A

studies humans as a species instead of a special aspect of their activity

11
Q

Primary/secondary source

A

primary source - first-hand or contemporary take of an event or topic
- artifacts, photos, videos,
speeches, letters/newspapers
secondary source - created later by someone who didn’t experience it firsthand
- encyclopedia, dictionary, article, biography, essay

12
Q

Paleoanthropology

A
  • branch of anthropology
  • focused on development of early humans
13
Q

Paleolithic Age

A

first tool-making <–> 10000 BCE
- humans inhabited all continents except Antarctica
- hunters and foragers –> life was not easy
- least warfare time

14
Q

Neanderthal Man

A
  • closest ancient human relative (extinct)
    • in the homo family
  • first human group before actual humans (homo sapiens)
14
Q

Neolithic Age

A

agriculture and livestock breeding
- breakthrough to more complex forms of society
- people started using agriculture more than hunting
- private property was dependent on food production

15
Q

Agricultural Revolution (C/E)

A

New farming techniques and improved livestock breeding –> more food production
- better civilizations had more food

15
Q

Matriarchy

A

a society/government ruled by women
- mother is the head of the family
- single parent family

16
Q

Patriarchy

A

a society ruled by men
- father/oldest male is head of family
- men hold power
- women are excluded from it

17
Q

Catal Huyuk

A
  • neanderthal city
  • settlement
18
Q

HOLOCENE ERA

A

world shifted –> became warmer + drier
- humans settled near bodies of water
- population increased

18
Q

Venus/Aphrodite of Willendorf

A
  • statue of goddess
  • symbolizes fertility
  • prosperity
19
Q

Division of labor/specialization

A
  • each person has something to specialize in for agriculture
  • some farmed potatoes, some farmed fruit, etc
19
Q

Bronze Age

A
  • everyone wanted bronze
  • using copper, but bronze was better
    • bronze was hard to get / expensive
19
Q

Iron Age

A
  • 2nd metal “trend”
  • used in tools
  • much easier to get / more common
19
Q

Irrigation Civilizations- where, rivers?

A
  • civilization by water for crops + agriculture
  • Mesopotamia + Egypt
20
Q

Surplus

A

excess material/stuff

21
Q

Domesticate

A

tame
- during agriculture revolution
- domesticated plants and animals

22
Q
A
23
Q

Jared Diamond

A
  • writer of the “Worst Mistake in the Human Race” essay
  • believed that agriculture was the wrong choice and humans should’ve stayed nomads/hunter-gatherers
23
Q

Agrarian civilization- trends

A
  • primarily rural societies
    - villages + few cities
  • based on peasant agriculture + livestock breeding
    - relied on farming + hearding
  • ppl maintained life in balance with their natural environment
    - survival and abilities depend on
    understanding nature
  • religion was based heavily on gods and spirits that controlled their natural environment
    - humans relied on food - relied on
    spirit to help with food quantity
  • their religion emphasized ritual and sacrifice as ways to control the deities and trying to interpret their will
    - rituals to gods to win better
    farming conditions
  • relied on religious specialists to communicate with the gods
  • they believed time to be cyclic
  • their social values emphasized kinship + the clan
23
Q

Genomics and Human Migration

A

analysis of genomic data (Modern or Ancient)
- how genetics were mixed among various groups

23
Q

Genetic markers

A
  • scientists can trace back to generations when the mutation occurred
    - tracing back further and further –> scientists had discovered a human race
23
Q

chromosomes

A

XX = female
XY = male
define and determine genetics

23
Q

DNA testing/types

A

A,T,C, and G
DNA tests and scientists can see genetics

24
Q

Do the themes of the Epic of Gilgamesh have connections to today

A
  • bravery (beasts)
  • greed and success (immortality)
  • friendship (Enkidu)
25
Q

Does the Epic of Gilgamesh demonstrate that ancient Mesopotamians respected women

A

yes
- fertility
- goddess had a lot of power
- Gilgamesh valued women’s opinions

Ancient History (H) (2 decks)

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