- King of Uruk - traveled with enkidu - Conflicting character - heroic/courageous - defeated humbaba, bull of heaven, and made it through the tunnel to Utnapishtim - becomes a better person as the book goes on and he goes on adventures - searching for eternal life

- created by Aruru to help Gilgamesh be less of a tyrant - went on many adventures w/ Gilgamesh - Gilgamesh's best friend - defeated humbaba and bull of heaven - killed off by the gods

- Goddess of love and war - seen as a dark side/ bad

- heroic qualities: - courage - bravery - respective - Gilgamesh was a hero in many ways but was a villain in others

- guardian of the cedar forest - wields a lot of power - defeated by Gilgamesh

- a survivor of the flood - granted eternal life - helps Gilgamesh

- the best people survive - "survival of the fittest" - better evolution

- earliest humans - originated in africa - 150,000 years ago - in 50,000 years they evolved into modern homo sapiens

- had engravings and paintings - artifacts

- east Africa - 4 million years ago - physical appearance changed + adapted

- norm a group follows - behavior of a group - traditions

Chapter 1 and Gilgamesh Flashcards by Anna Trautman

Gilgamesh

King of Uruk
traveled with enkidu
Conflicting character
heroic/courageous - defeated humbaba, bull of heaven, and made it through the tunnel to Utnapishtim
becomes a better person as the book goes on and he goes on adventures
searching for eternal life

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Enkidu

created by Aruru to help Gilgamesh be less of a tyrant
went on many adventures w/ Gilgamesh
Gilgamesh’s best friend
defeated humbaba and bull of heaven
killed off by the gods

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Ishtar

Goddess of love and war
seen as a dark side/ bad

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Hero

heroic qualities:
- courage
- bravery
- respective
Gilgamesh was a hero in many ways but was a villain in others

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Humbaba

guardian of the cedar forest
wields a lot of power
defeated by Gilgamesh

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Utnapishtim

a survivor of the flood
granted eternal life
helps Gilgamesh

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Natural selection

the best people survive
“survival of the fittest”
better evolution

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Homo Ergaster

earliest humans
originated in africa
150,000 years ago
in 50,000 years they evolved into modern homo sapiens

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Blombos Caves

had engravings and paintings
artifacts

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Homo

root
man or human

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BC/BCE AD/CE

before Christ
before common era
anono domini - after birth
common era

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Hominid

east Africa
4 million years ago
physical appearance changed + adapted

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Prehistory

before written records

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History

a methodical study of evidence of the human past
- has to be recorded evidence

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Archaeology

study of past cultures + civilizations through artifacts
- archaeologists are crucial to the study of human societies existing before recorded history

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Culture

norm a group follows
behavior of a group
traditions

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Historiography

systematic study of history

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Civilization (defining characteristics)

the stage of human social + cultural development and organizational that is considered most advanced
- technology
- agriculture
- religion

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Anthropology

studies humans as a species instead of a special aspect of their activity

Primary/secondary source

primary source - first-hand or contemporary take of an event or topic
- artifacts, photos, videos,
speeches, letters/newspapers
secondary source - created later by someone who didn’t experience it firsthand
- encyclopedia, dictionary, article, biography, essay

Paleoanthropology

branch of anthropology
focused on development of early humans

Paleolithic Age

first tool-making <–> 10000 BCE
- humans inhabited all continents except Antarctica
- hunters and foragers –> life was not easy
- least warfare time

Neanderthal Man

closest ancient human relative (extinct)
- in the homo family
first human group before actual humans (homo sapiens)

Neolithic Age

agriculture and livestock breeding
- breakthrough to more complex forms of society
- people started using agriculture more than hunting
- private property was dependent on food production

Agricultural Revolution (C/E)

New farming techniques and improved livestock breeding --> more food production - better civilizations had more food

Matriarchy

a society/government ruled by women - mother is the head of the family - single parent family

Patriarchy

a society ruled by men - father/oldest male is head of family - men hold power - women are excluded from it

Catal Huyuk

- neanderthal city - settlement

HOLOCENE ERA

world shifted --> became warmer + drier - humans settled near bodies of water - population increased

Venus/Aphrodite of Willendorf

- statue of goddess - symbolizes fertility - prosperity

Division of labor/specialization

- each person has something to specialize in for agriculture - some farmed potatoes, some farmed fruit, etc

Bronze Age

- everyone wanted bronze - using copper, but bronze was better - bronze was hard to get / expensive

Iron Age

- 2nd metal "trend" - used in tools - much easier to get / more common

Irrigation Civilizations- where, rivers?

- civilization by water for crops + agriculture - Mesopotamia + Egypt

Surplus

excess material/stuff

Domesticate

tame - during agriculture revolution - domesticated plants and animals

Jared Diamond

- writer of the "Worst Mistake in the Human Race" essay - believed that agriculture was the wrong choice and humans should've stayed nomads/hunter-gatherers

Agrarian civilization- trends

- primarily rural societies - villages + few cities - based on peasant agriculture + livestock breeding - relied on farming + hearding - ppl maintained life in balance with their natural environment - survival and abilities depend on understanding nature - religion was based heavily on gods and spirits that controlled their natural environment - humans relied on food - relied on spirit to help with food quantity - their religion emphasized ritual and sacrifice as ways to control the deities and trying to interpret their will - rituals to gods to win better farming conditions - relied on religious specialists to communicate with the gods - they believed time to be cyclic - their social values emphasized kinship + the clan

Genomics and Human Migration

analysis of genomic data (Modern or Ancient) - how genetics were mixed among various groups

Genetic markers

- scientists can trace back to generations when the mutation occurred - tracing back further and further --> scientists had discovered a human race

chromosomes

XX = female XY = male define and determine genetics

DNA testing/types

A,T,C, and G DNA tests and scientists can see genetics

Do the themes of the Epic of Gilgamesh have connections to today

- bravery (beasts) - greed and success (immortality) - friendship (Enkidu)

Does the Epic of Gilgamesh demonstrate that ancient Mesopotamians respected women

yes - fertility - goddess had a lot of power - Gilgamesh valued women's opinions