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Microbiology 205 > Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

(U) One of the nitrogen bases in RNA but not in DNA.

A

uracil (U)

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2
Q

A 3-carbon alcohol, with three OH groups that serve as binding sites

A

glycerol

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3
Q

A 5-carbon monosaccharide found in RNA

A

ribose

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4
Q

A 5-carbon sugar that is an important component of DNA

A

deoxyribose

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5
Q

A 6-carbon sugar such as glucose and fructose

A

hexose

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6
Q

A bond that joins monosaccharides to form disaccharides and polymers

A

glycosidic bonds

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7
Q

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms

A

covalent bonds

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8
Q

A chemical bond in which electrons are transferred and not shared between atoms.

A

ionic bonds

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9
Q

A class of lipids that compose a major structural component of cell membranes

A

phospholipid

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10
Q

A collection of statements, propositions, or concepts that explain or account for a natural event

A

theory

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11
Q

A compound containing primarily carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

A

carbohydrates

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12
Q

A concocted word to denote “proteinaceous infectious agent”; a cytopathic protein associated with the slow-virus spongiform encephalopathies of humans and animals.

A

prion

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13
Q

A discovery made through experience, not planned experimentation

A

empirical

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14
Q

A dissolving medium

A

solvent

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15
Q

A distinct chemical substance that results from the combination of two or more atoms

A

molecule

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16
Q

A field involving deliberate alterations (recombinations) of the genomes of microbes, plants, and animals through special technological processes

A

Genetic engineering

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17
Q

A filamentous network of carbohydrate-rich molecules that coats cells

A

glycocalyx

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18
Q

A general term for the totality of chemical and physical processes occurring in a cell

A

metabolism

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19
Q

A glucose polymer stored by cells

A

glycogen

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20
Q

A group of single-celled, eukaryotic organisms

A

protozoa

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21
Q

A large protein molecule evoked in response to an antigen that interacts specifically with that antigen

A

antibody

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22
Q

A link formed between molecules when two or more atoms share, donate, or accept electrons

A

chemical bond

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23
Q

A living thing ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification; an organism of microscopic size

A

microorganism

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24
Q

A long, fibrous polymer composed of β-glucose; one of the most common substances on earth

A

cellulose

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25
Q

A macromolecule made up of a chain of repeating units. Examples: starch, protein, DNA

A

polymers

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26
Q

A member of the domain Eukarya whose cells have a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; includes plants, animals, fungi, protozoa, and algae

A

eukaryote

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27
Q

A microbe that has no nucleus

A

akaryote

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28
Q

A mixture of one or more substances (solutes) that cannot be separated by filtration or ordinary settling

A

solution

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29
Q

A molecular complex of lipid and carbohydrate found in the bacterial cell wall.

A

lipopolysaccharide

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30
Q

A monosaccharide with five carbon atoms per molecule. Examples: arabinose, ribose, xylose

A

pentose

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31
Q

A more specific name for a virus when it is outside of its host cells

A

virus particle

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32
Q

A negatively charged ion

A

anion

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33
Q

A negatively charged subatomic particle that is distributed around the nucleus in an atom

A

electron

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34
Q

A network of polysaccharide chains cross-linked by short peptides that forms the rigid part of bacterial cell walls. Gram-negative bacteria have a smaller amount of this rigid structure than do gram-positive bacteria.

A

Peptidoglycan

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35
Q

A nitrogen base that is an important encoding component of DNA and RNA. The two most common are adenine and guanine

A

purines

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36
Q

A nucleotide that is the primary source of energy to cells

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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37
Q

A polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers

A

starch

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38
Q

A polysaccharide found in seaweed and commonly used to prepare solid culture media.

A

agar

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39
Q

A polysaccharide similar to cellulose in chemical structure. This polymer makes up the horny substance of the exoskeletons of arthropods and certain fungi.

A

chitin

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40
Q

A positively charged ion

A

cations

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41
Q

A process in which water is used to break bonds in molecules. Usually occurs in conjunction with an enzyme

A

hydrolysis

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42
Q

A process occurring in plants, algae, and some bacteria that traps the sun’s energy and converts it to ATP in the cell. This energy is used to fix CO2 into organic compounds.

A

photosynthesis

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43
Q

A protein biocatalyst that facilitates metabolic reactions

A

enzyme

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44
Q

A relatively large chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

A

polypeptide

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45
Q

A ringed compound of which pyrimidines and purines are types

A

nitrogen base

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46
Q

A set system for scientifically naming organisms, enzymes, anatomical structures, and so on

A

Nomenclature

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47
Q

A simple molecule that can be linked by chemical bonds to form larger molecules

A

monomers

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48
Q

A simple sugar such as glucose that is a basic building block for more complex carbohydrates

A

monosaccharide

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49
Q

A small component of eukaryotic cells that is bounded by a membrane and specialized in function

A

organelle

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50
Q

A small component of eukaryotic cells that is bounded by a membrane and specialized in function

A

organelles

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51
Q

A solution with a pH value above 7 on the pH scale

A

basic

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52
Q

A solution with a pH value below 7 on the pH scale

A

acidic

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53
Q

A specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses.

A

microbiology

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54
Q

A substance comprising only one kind of atom that cannot be degraded into two or more substances without losing its chemical characteristics

A

elements

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55
Q

A substance that alters the rate of a reaction without being consumed or permanently changed by it.

A

catalyst

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56
Q

A substance that is uniformly dispersed in a dissolving medium or solvent

A

solute

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57
Q

A sugar containing two monosaccharides. Example: sucrose (fructose + glucose)

A

disaccharide

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58
Q

A sulfide-containing amino acid that usually produces covalent disulfide bonds in an amino acid sequence, contributing to the tertiary structure of the protein

A

cysteine

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59
Q

A technology, also known as genetic engineering, that deliberately modifies the genetic structure of an organism to create novel products, microbes, animals, plants, and viruses.

A

recombinant DNA technology

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60
Q

A tentative explanation of what has been observed or measured

A

hypothesis

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61
Q

A term that designates all parasitic worms

A

helminth

62
Q

A term used to describe a variety of substances that are not soluble in polar solvents such as water but will dissolve in nonpolar solvents such as benzene and chloroform. Lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes

A

lipid

63
Q

A term used to describe an electrically neutral molecule formed by covalent bonds between atoms that have the same or similar electronegativity

A

nonpolar

64
Q

A theory first originating in the 1800s that proposed that microorganisms can be the cause of diseases. The concept is actually so well established in the present time that it is considered a fact.

A

germ theory of disease

65
Q

A type of lipid composed of a glycerol molecule bound to three fatty acids

A

triglycerides

66
Q

A version of an element that is virtually identical in all chemical properties to another version except that their atoms have slightly different atomic masses

A

istotope

67
Q

A weak chemical bond formed by the attraction of forces between molecules or atoms—in this case, hydrogen and either oxygen or nitrogen. In this type of bond, electrons are not shared, lost, or gained.

A

hydrogen bond

68
Q

All tangible materials that occupy space and have mass.

A

matter

69
Q

An acidic salt containing phosphorus and oxygen that is an essential inorganic component of DNA, RNA, and ATP

A

phosphate

70
Q

An electrically neutral particle in the nuclei of all atoms except hydrogen

A

neutron

71
Q

An elementary particle that carries a positive charge. It is identical to the nucleus of the hydrogen atom.

A

protons

72
Q

An elementary virus particle in its complete morphological and thus infectious form. A virion consists of the nucleic acid core surrounded by a capsid, which can be enclosed in an envelope

A

virion

73
Q

An individual membrane-bound living entity; the smallest unit capable of an independent existence

A

cell

74
Q

An unattached, charged particle

A

ion

75
Q

Any agent (usually a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or helminth) that causes disease

A

pathogens

76
Q

Any compound that ionizes in solution and conducts current in an electrical field

A

electrolytes

77
Q

Category of prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in their cell walls and circular chromosome(s). This group of small cells is widely distributed in the earth’s habitats.

A

bacteria (singular, bacterium)

78
Q

cholesterol
Best-known member of a group of lipids called steroids. Cholesterol is commonly found in cell membranes and animal hormones

A

cholesterol

79
Q

Completely free of all life forms, including spores and viruses.

A

sterile

80
Q

Decomposition of harmful chemicals by microbes or consortia of microbes

A

bioremediation

81
Q

During the formation of a carbohydrate bond, the step in which one carbon molecule gives up its OH group and the other loses the H from its OH group, thereby producing a water molecule. This process is common to all polymerization reactions

A

dehydration synthesis

82
Q

Early belief that living things arose from vital forces present in nonliving, or decomposing, matter.

A

spontaneous generation

83
Q

In a chemical reaction, the substance(s) that is(are) left after a reaction is completed

A

product(s)

84
Q

In chemistry, a particular molecular combination that reacts in predictable ways and confers particular properties on a compound. Examples: —COOH, —OH, —CHO

A

functional groups

85
Q

In the levels of classification, a midlevel division of organisms that groups more closely related organisms than previous levels. An order is divided into families

A

family

86
Q

In the levels of classification, the broadest general category to which an organism is assigned. Members share only one or a few general characteristics.

A

domain

87
Q

In the levels of classification, the division of organisms that follows phylum

A

class

88
Q

In the levels of classification, the division of organisms that follows class. Increasing similarity may be noticed among organisms assigned to the same order

A

order

89
Q

In the levels of classification, the most specific level of organization

A

species

90
Q

In the levels of classification, the second division from more general to more specific. Each domain is divided into these.

A

kingdom

91
Q

In the levels of classification, the second most specific level. A family is divided into several genera

A

genus

92
Q

In the levels of classification, the third level of classification from general to more specific. Each kingdom is divided into numerous phyla. Sometimes referred to as a division

A

phylum

93
Q

Initial protein organization described by type, number, and order of amino acids in the chain. The primary structure varies extensively from protein to protein.

A

primary (1°) structure

94
Q

Invisible to the naked eye

A

microscopic

95
Q

Large, molecular compounds assembled from smaller subunits, most notably biochemicals

A

macromolecules

96
Q

Macroscopic and microscopic heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that can be uni- or multicellular

A

fungi

97
Q

Methods of handling microbial cultures, patient specimens, and other sources of microbes in a way that prevents infection of the handler and others who may be exposed

A

aseptic technique

98
Q

Microscopic, acellular agent composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat

A

virus

99
Q

Molecule composed of short chains of amino acids, such as a dipeptide (two amino acids), a tripeptide (three), and a tetrapeptide (four)

A

peptide

100
Q

Molecules entering or starting a chemical reaction

A

reactants

101
Q

Molecules that are a combination of two or more different elements

A

compounds

102
Q

Molecules that contain the basic framework of the elements carbon and hydrogen

A

organic chemicals

103
Q

Molecules that lack the basic framework of the elements of carbon and hydrogen

A

inorganic chemicals

104
Q

Most complex protein structure characterized by the formation of large, multiunit proteins by more than one of the polypeptides. This structure is typical of antibodies and some enzymes that act in cell synthesis.

A

quaternary (4°) structure

105
Q

Nitrogen bases that help form the genetic code on DNA and RNA. Uracil, thymine, and cytosine are the most important.

A

pyrimidines

106
Q

One of the carbohydrates commonly referred to as sugars. Characterized by its 6-carbon structure

A

glucose

107
Q

One of the carbohydrates commonly referred to as sugars. Commonly found in milk

A

lactose

108
Q

One of the carbohydrates commonly referred to as sugars. Common table or cane sugar

A

sucrose

109
Q

One of the carbohydrates commonly referred to as sugars. Fructose is commonly fruit sugars

A

fructose

110
Q

One of the carbohydrates referred to as sugars. A fermentable sugar formed from starch

A

maltose

111
Q

One of the nitrogen bases found in DNA and RNA in the purine form.

A

guanine (G)

112
Q

One of the nitrogen bases found in DNA and RNA, with a purine form

A

adenine (A)

113
Q

One of the nitrogen bases found in DNA and RNA, with a pyrimidine form.

A

cytosine (C)

114
Q

One of the nitrogen bases found in DNA but not in RNA. Thymine is in a pyrimidine form

A

thymine (T)

115
Q

One of the three domains (sometimes called superkingdoms) of living organisms, as proposed by Woese; contains all eukaryotic organisms.

A

Eukarya

116
Q

Organism visible to the naked eye

A

macroorganism

117
Q

Predominant organic molecule in cells, formed by long chains of amino acids

A

protein

118
Q

Present everywhere at the same time

A

ubiquitous

119
Q

Principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of knowledge, involving the recognition and formulation of a problem, the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of a hypothesis

A

scientific method

120
Q

Prokaryotic single-celled organisms of primitive origin that have unusual anatomy, physiology, and genetics and live in harsh habitats

A

archaea

121
Q

Protein structure that occurs when the functional groups on the outer surface of the molecule interact by forming hydrogen bonds. These bonds cause the amino acid chain either to twist, forming a helix, or to pleat into an accordion pattern called a β-pleated sheet

A

secondary (2°) structure

122
Q

Protein structure that results from additional bonds forming between functional groups in a secondary structure, creating a three-dimensional mass

A

tertiary structure

123
Q

Relating to a compound that has contrasting characteristics, such as hydrophilic-hydrophobic or acid-base

A

amphipathic

124
Q

Scientific method of assigning names to organisms that employs two names to identify every organism—genus name plus species name.

A

binomial system

125
Q

Scientific principle that states that living things change gradually through hundreds of millions of years, and these changes are expressed in structural and functional adaptations in each organism. Presumes that those traits that favor survival are preserved and passed on to following generations, and those traits that do not favor survival are lost.

A

evolution

126
Q

Scientific term for sugar. Refers to a simple carbohydrate with a sweet taste

A

saccharide

127
Q

Taxonomic categories.

A

taxa

128
Q

Term to describe a molecule with an asymmetrical distribution of charges. Such a molecule has a negative pole and a positive pole

A

polar

129
Q

The aqueous dissociation of an electrolyte into ions

A

ionization

130
Q

The basic structural unit of DNA and RNA; each nucleotide consists of a phosphate, a sugar (ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA), and a nitrogenous base such as adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (DNA only), or uracil (RNA only).

A

nucleotide

131
Q

The belief in spontaneous generation as a source of life

A

abiogenesis

132
Q

The breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds that can be directed back into the natural cycle of living things

A

decomposition

133
Q

The building blocks of protein. Exist in 20 naturally occurring forms that impart different characteristics to the various proteins they compose

A

amino acids

134
Q

The combining power of an atom based upon the number of electrons it can either take on or give up.

A

valence

135
Q

The covalent union between two amino acids that forms between the amine group of one and the carboxyl group of the other. The basic bond of proteins

A

peptide bond

136
Q

The evidence cited to explain how evolution occurs.

Evolution is the scientific principle that states that living things change gradually through hundreds of millions of years, and these changes are expressed in structural and functional adaptations in each organism. Evolution presumes that those traits that favor survival are preserved and passed on to following generations, and those traits that do not favor survival are lost.

A

theory of evolution

137
Q

The expression of the amount of a solute dissolved in a certain amount of solvent. It may be defined by weight, volume, or percentage.

A

concentration

138
Q

The formal system for organizing, classifying, and naming living things

A

taxonomy

139
Q

The nucleic acid often referred to as the “double helix.” DNA carries the master plan for an organism’s heredity

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

140
Q

The nucleic acid often referred to as the “double helix.” DNA carries the master plan for an organism’s heredity

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

141
Q

The pathways of electrons as they rotate around the nucleus of an atom

A

orbital

142
Q

The process of combining an acid and a base until they reach a balanced proportion, with a pH value close to 7

A

neutralization

143
Q

The property of attracting water

A

hydrophilic

144
Q

The property of repelling water

A

hydrophobic

145
Q

The smallest particle of an element to retain all the properties of that element

A

atom

146
Q

The study of organic compounds produced by (or components of) living things. The four main categories of biochemicals are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

A

biochemistry

147
Q

The symbol for the negative logarithm of the H ion concentration; p (power) or [H+]10. A system for rating acidity and alkalinity

A

pH

148
Q

The tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons.

A

electronegativity

149
Q

Weak attractive interactions between molecules of low polarity

A

van der Waals forces

150
Q

When capitalized (Archaea), the term refers to one of the three domains of living organisms as proposed by Woese.

A

Archaea

151
Q

When capitalized can refer to one of the three domains of living organisms proposed by Woese, containing all nonarchaea prokaryotes.

A

Bacteria

Microbiology 205 (5 decks)

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