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Biology 156: VIU Nursing YEAR 1 > Chapter 1 and Atlas A: Major Themes Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 and Atlas A: Major Themes Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain the unity of form and function.

A

Form and function compliment each other, physiology can not be divorced from anatomy.

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2
Q

What is the body’s structural hierarchy composed of?

A

(smallest to largest) atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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3
Q

What is an organism?

A

A single, complete individual.

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4
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs with a unique collection function (eg. circulation, respiration). There are 11 organ systems in the body.

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5
Q

What is a cell?

A

A cell is the smallest unit of an organism and carries out functions of life.
Cells are enclosed in a plasma membrane and usually contain one nucleus.
Cytology is the study of cells.

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6
Q

What is an organ?

A

A structure composed of two of more tissue types that work together to carry out a specific function.

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7
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A tissue is a group of similar cells that form a region of organ and perform specific function.
4 classes of tissue: epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular.
Histology is the study of tissue.

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8
Q

What is an organelle?

A

An organelle is a microscopic that carry out individual functions and composed of molecules. (eg. mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum)

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9
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A molecule is a particle composed of at least 2 atoms.

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10
Q

What are the 8 characteristics of life?

A
  1. Organization 2. Cellular composition 3. Metabolism 4. Responsiveness and Movement 5. Homeostasis 6. Development (differentiation and growth) 7. Reproduction 8. Evolution
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11
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

The body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain stable internal conditions.
Eg. Blood Pressure, Body Temp, pH

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12
Q

What is Negative Feedback?

A

Body senses a change and activates mechanism that reverses it.
Example: Body Temp too warm, nerve cells in brain trigger heat-losing mechanism vasodilation (widening of blood vessels), blood flows closer to body surface and loses heat through skin.
-Body temp too cold, vasoconstriction occurs (narrowing of blood vessels) to reduce heat loss and retain warm blood deep in body.

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13
Q

What is a feedback loop?

A

A feedback loops help organisms maintain balance in different life cycles.
3 components:
1. Receptor: structure that senses change in body.
2. Integrating Control Centre: Processes receptor information, decides what response should be.
3. Effector: Cell or organ that carries out corrective action.

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14
Q

What is Positive Feedback?

A

A self-amplifying cycle when psychological change leads to greater change in same direction to produce rapid change.
(Labor and delivery, blood clotting)

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15
Q

What is a gradient?

A

The difference in chemical concentration, charge, pressure, or temperature between 2 points.
If energy or matter moves:
Higher value to lower value= flow down gradient.
Lower value to high value= flow up gradient.
Examples of gradients:
Pressure gradient: (opening water hose)
Concentration gradient: Chemical flow
Electrical gradient: Charged particles flow
Thermal gradient: heat flow

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16
Q

What is Dynamic Equilibrium?

A

The internal state of the body at a set point, conditions slightly fluctuate around this point.

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17
Q

What is an Eponym?

A

Terms originating from names of people, usually providing little clue to what term means.

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18
Q

What are the elements of scientific terminology?

A
  1. Root (stem); core meaning of word. Eg. ‘cardio’vascular, cardio = heart
  2. Combining vowels; joining roots to make pronunciation easier. Eg. the ‘o’ letters in cardiomyopathy.
  3. Prefix; modify core meaning of word. Eg. ‘epigastric’ vs ‘hypogastric’
  4. Suffix; end of word to modify meaning. Eg. microscope, microscopist
19
Q

What are some singular and plural forms of some noun terminals?

A
  • a, -ae, (axilla, axillae)
  • en, ina (lumen, lumina)
  • ex, -ices (cortex, cortices)
  • is, -es (diagnosis, diagnoses)
20
Q

What are the types of Medical Imaging?

A
  1. Radiography (photographing internal stuctures with X-RAY, pass through soft tissue and reveal dense matter)
  2. Computed Tomography (CT Scan, patient in tube, produced thin plane image)
  3. Magnetic Resonance Imagining (MRI, visualizes soft tissue)
  4. Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan, looks at state of tissue and distinguish which are most active.
  5. Sonography (uses ultrasound waves to reveal signals from organs)
21
Q

What is anatomy?

A

The study of structure.

22
Q

What is physiology?

A

The study of function.

23
Q

What is palpation?

A

Feeling a structure with hands.

Eg. taking pulse

24
Q

What is auscultation?

A

Listening to natural sound of body.

Eg. heart or lung sounds

25
Q

What is percussion?

A

Tapping on body to look for abnormalities.

26
Q

What is a cadaver?

A

A dead human body.

27
Q

What is comparative anatomy?

A

Study of multiple species and comparing.

28
Q

What is dissection?

A

Carefully cutting and separating tissues to reveal their relationships.

29
Q

What is Exploratory Surgery?

A

Opening body to see what is wrong and how to fix it.

30
Q

What is gross anatomy?

A

Structure able to be seen by naked eye.

31
Q

What is histology (microscopic anatomy)?

A

Looking at specimens under microscope.

32
Q

What is Histopathology?

A

Microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease.

33
Q

What is cytology?

A

The study of cell structure and function.

34
Q

What is ultrastructure?

A

Reveals fine detail on molecular level.

35
Q

What is anatomical position?

A

Person standing upright, feet flat on floor, arms at sides, palms facing forward.

36
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

Plane passes vertically through body, separating body from left and right.

37
Q

What is a median (midsagittal) plane?

A

A sagittal plane separating the left and right side equally.

38
Q

What is a parasagittal plane?

A

A sagittal plane separating left and right unequally.

39
Q

What is the frontal (coronal) plane?

A

Plane extends vertically, divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back).

40
Q

What is the transverse (horizontal) plane?

A

Separates body or organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections.

41
Q

What is does axial region consist of?

A

Head, neck, trunk.

42
Q

How is the trunk divided?

A

Thoracic and abdominal region.
Abdominal region divided into 9 regions grid: on sides: hypochondriac, lumbar, inguinal. In middle; epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric.

43
Q

What is the appendicular region?

A

upper limbs; brachial, antebrachial, carpal, hand, digits.

Lower limbs; femoral, crural, tarsal, foot, digits.

44
Q

4 Major Body cavities and viscera?

A 
Cranial: brain (meninges)
Vertebral: Spinal Cord (meninges)
Thoracic: "divided by mediastinum" 
Lungs (pleurae), Heart (pericardium)
Abdominopelvic: Digestive organs, spleen, kidney, bladder, rectum, reproductive organs (peritoneum)

Biology 156: VIU Nursing YEAR 1 (4 decks)

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