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Pathophysiology > Chapter 1 and 26 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 and 26 Flashcards

1
Q

Health

A

Physical, mental, and social well-being

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2
Q

Health indicators

A

“Normal” range of values

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3
Q

Disease

A

Deviations from the normal state of homeostasis

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4
Q

Research process in health sciences: stage 1

A

“Basic” science
ID of technology to be used
Work done in laboratory
Might require animal cells or tissue cultures

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5
Q

Research process in health sciences: stage 2

A

Small number of human subjects

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6
Q

Research process in health sciences: stage 3

A

Clinical trials
Involving a large number of patients with the disease or risk of the disease
“Double-blind” studies

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7
Q

What does medical history obtain

A 
Current and prior illness
Allergies
Hospitalizations 
Treatment
Specific difficulties 
Any type of therapies or drugs
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8
Q

New developments and trends in healthcare

A

Constant updating of information and knowledge
Improved diagnostic tests
Development of more effects drugs
New technology
Extensive research in efforts to prevent, control or cure many disorders

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9
Q

Gross level

A

Organ or system level

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10
Q

Microscopic level

A

Cellular level

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11
Q

Biopsy

A

Excision of small amounts of living tissue

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12
Q

Autopsy

A

Examination of the body and organs after death

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13
Q

The disease process: diagnosis

A

ID of a basic disease

  • evaluation of s/s
  • lab tests
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14
Q

Disease process: etiology

A

Causative factors in a particular disease

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15
Q

Cause of disease: idiopathic

A

Cause of disease is unknown

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16
Q

Cause of disease: iatrogenic

A

Error/treatment/procedure may cause the disease

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17
Q

Cause of disease: predisposing factors

A

Age, gender, inherited factors, environment

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18
Q

Cause of disease: prophylaxis

A

Preserve health; prevent spread of disease

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19
Q

Cause of disease: prevention

A

Vaccinations; dietary/lifestyle modifications; preventions of potentially harmful activities, etc.

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20
Q

Characteristics of disease: pathogenesis

A

Development of the disease

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21
Q

Characteristics of disease: onset of disease

A

Sudden/acute

Insidious: gradual, vague, or mild signs

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22
Q

Characteristics of disease: acute diseases

A

Short-term, develops quickly

High fever, severe pain, etc

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23
Q

Characteristics of disease: chronic disease

A

Develops gradually

Milder symptoms, often intermittent with acute episodes

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24
Q

Characteristics of disease: sub clinical state

A

Pathological changes, no obvious manifestations

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25
Q

Characteristics of disease: latent stage

A

No symptoms or clinical signs evident

In infectious diseases: incubation period

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26
Q

Characteristics of disease: prodromal period

A

Early development of the disease

Signs are nonspecific or absent

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27
Q

Characteristics of disease: manifestations

A

Clinical evidence with signs and symptoms

  • local (at sign)
  • systemic (general indicators of illness)
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28
Q

Characteristics of disease: signs

A

Objective indicators of disease

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29
Q

Characteristics of disease: symptoms

A

Subjective feelings

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30
Q

Characteristics of disease: lesions

A

Specific local change in tissue

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31
Q

Characteristics of disease: syndrome

A

Collection of s/s

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32
Q

Characteristics of disease: diagnostic tests

A

Various lab tests

Appropriate to manifestations and medical history

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33
Q

Characteristics of disease: remission and exacerbations

A

Mark course/progress of a disease
Remission —> period when manifestations subside
Exacerbation —> a worsening of severity

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34
Q

Characteristics of disease: precipitating factor

A

Condition that triggers an acute episode

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35
Q

Characteristics of disease: complications

A

New secondary or additional problems

36
Q

Characteristics of disease: therapy

A

Measure to promote recovery / slow progress

37
Q

Characteristics of disease: sequelae

A

Potential unwanted outcomes

38
Q

Characteristics of disease: convalescence or rehabilitation

A

Period of recovery and return to healthy state

39
Q

Disease prognosis: morbidity

A

Disease rates within a group

40
Q

Disease prognosis: mortality

A

Relative number of deaths for a disease

41
Q

Disease prognosis: autopsy

A

Post mortem examination

42
Q

Disease prognosis: epidemiology

A

Tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease

Major data collection centers: WHO and CDC

43
Q

Disease prognosis: occurrence of the disease — incidence

A

Number of new cases in a given population within a given time period

44
Q

Disease prognosis: prevalence

A

Number of new, old, or existing cases within a given population and time period

45
Q

Disease prognosis: epidemics

A

A higher number of expected cases of an infectious disease occur within and AREA

46
Q

Disease prognosis: pandemic

A

Higher number of infectious disease in many regions of the globe

47
Q

Disease prognosis: communicable diseases

A

Infectious disease that can spread from one person to another

48
Q

Disease prognosis: notifiable or reportable disease

A

Must be reported by the physician to designated authorities

  • authority varies with local jurisdiction
  • require diseases to be reported may change over time
  • reporting is intended to prevent further spread of the disease
49
Q

Cellular adaptations:atrophy

A

Decrease in the size of cells

- results in reduced tissue mass

50
Q

Cellular adaptations: hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size

Results in enlarged tissue mass

51
Q

Cellular adaptations: hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell number

Results in enlarged tissue

52
Q

Metaplasia

A

Mature cell type of replaced by a different mature cell type

53
Q

Dysplasia

A

Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue

54
Q

Anaplasia

A

Undifferentiated cells, with variable nuclear and cell structure

55
Q

Neoplasia

A

“New growth” - commonly called tumor

56
Q

Apoptosis

A

Refers to programmed cell death

- normal occurrence in the body

57
Q

Ischemia

A

Deficit of o2 in the cells

58
Q

Hypoxia

A

Reduced o2 in tissues

Nutritional deficits

59
Q

Pyroptosis

A

Results in lysis causing nearby inflammation

60
Q

Physical damage

A

Excessive heat or cold

Radiation exposure

61
Q

Mechanical damage

A

Pressure or tearing of tissue

62
Q

Chemical toxins

A 
Exogenous = from environment 
Endogenous = from inside the body
63
Q

Microorganisms

A

Bacteria and viruses

64
Q

Abnormal metabolites

A

Genetic disorders
Inborn errors of metabolism
Altered metabolism

65
Q

Necrosis

A

Dying cells cause further cell damage due to cellular disintegration

66
Q

Cause of necrosis

A

Form of coagulation necrosis

Thick, yellowish, “cheesy” substance forms

67
Q

Infarction

A

Area of dead cells as a result of o2 deprivation

68
Q

Liquefaction necrosis

A

Dead cells liquefy because of release of cell enzymes

69
Q

Coagulation necrosis

A

Cell proteins are altered or denatured - coagulation

70
Q

Fat necrosis

A

Fat tissue broken down into fatty acids

71
Q

Dry gangrene

A

Area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria

72
Q

decribe the stress response

A

a generalized or systeic response to a change

- internal or external

73
Q

explain how severe or prolonged stress can cause dysfunction in the body

A

increase wear and tear on tissues
exhaustion or resources
exacerbation of chronic conditions

74
Q

General adaption syndrome (GAS): alarm stage

A

mobilization of defenses

  • hypothalamus
  • sympathetic nervous system
  • adrenal glands
75
Q

General adaption syndrome (GAS): resistance stage

A

elevation of hormone levels

- body systems operation at peak performance levels

76
Q

General adaption syndrome (GAS): final stage

A

resolution of death

77
Q

What are 5 significant effects of the stress response

A
  1. Elevated BP and increase HR
  2. bronchodilation and increased ventilation
  3. increased BG levels
  4. arousal of CNS
  5. decreased inflammatory response and immune responses
78
Q

specific diseases of the stress response: headache

A

may develop during or after stress response

79
Q

specific diseases of the stress response: stomatitis

A

ulcers in mouth and necrotizing periodontal disease

80
Q

specific diseases of the stress response: prolonged vasoconstriction

A

can impair function or necrosis in GI tract or kidneys

81
Q

specific diseases of the stress response: precipitating factor

A

chronic infections

physical / emotions distress

82
Q

effects of prolonged/severe stress: renal failure

A

prolonged severe vasoconstriction

ischemia causes cell damage

83
Q

effects of prolonged/severe stress: stress ulcers

A

vasoconstriction and glucocorticoids

- decrease in mucosal regeneration and mucus production

84
Q

effects of prolonged/severe stress: infection

A

depression of the inflammatory and immune responses

85
Q

effects of prolonged/severe stress: slowed healing

A

following trauma surgery
- increased secretion of glucocorticoid –> reduction in protein synthesis and tissue regeneration

  • increased catecholamine levels –> vasoconstriction, reduced nutrients and o2 to tissue
86
Q

effects of prolonged/severe stress: PTSD

A

usually occurs within 3 months of event

  • may cause symptoms years later
  • high risk of developing dependence on drugs/alcohol

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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