Chapter 1 and 26 Flashcards
Health
Physical, mental, and social well-being
Health indicators
“Normal” range of values
Disease
Deviations from the normal state of homeostasis
Research process in health sciences: stage 1
“Basic” science
ID of technology to be used
Work done in laboratory
Might require animal cells or tissue cultures
Research process in health sciences: stage 2
Small number of human subjects
Research process in health sciences: stage 3
Clinical trials
Involving a large number of patients with the disease or risk of the disease
“Double-blind” studies
What does medical history obtain
Current and prior illness Allergies Hospitalizations Treatment Specific difficulties Any type of therapies or drugs
New developments and trends in healthcare
Constant updating of information and knowledge
Improved diagnostic tests
Development of more effects drugs
New technology
Extensive research in efforts to prevent, control or cure many disorders
Gross level
Organ or system level
Microscopic level
Cellular level
Biopsy
Excision of small amounts of living tissue
Autopsy
Examination of the body and organs after death
The disease process: diagnosis
ID of a basic disease
- evaluation of s/s
- lab tests
Disease process: etiology
Causative factors in a particular disease
Cause of disease: idiopathic
Cause of disease is unknown
Cause of disease: iatrogenic
Error/treatment/procedure may cause the disease
Cause of disease: predisposing factors
Age, gender, inherited factors, environment
Cause of disease: prophylaxis
Preserve health; prevent spread of disease
Cause of disease: prevention
Vaccinations; dietary/lifestyle modifications; preventions of potentially harmful activities, etc.
Characteristics of disease: pathogenesis
Development of the disease
Characteristics of disease: onset of disease
Sudden/acute
Insidious: gradual, vague, or mild signs
Characteristics of disease: acute diseases
Short-term, develops quickly
High fever, severe pain, etc
Characteristics of disease: chronic disease
Develops gradually
Milder symptoms, often intermittent with acute episodes
Characteristics of disease: sub clinical state
Pathological changes, no obvious manifestations
Characteristics of disease: latent stage
No symptoms or clinical signs evident
In infectious diseases: incubation period
Characteristics of disease: prodromal period
Early development of the disease
Signs are nonspecific or absent
Characteristics of disease: manifestations
Clinical evidence with signs and symptoms
- local (at sign)
- systemic (general indicators of illness)
Characteristics of disease: signs
Objective indicators of disease
Characteristics of disease: symptoms
Subjective feelings
Characteristics of disease: lesions
Specific local change in tissue
Characteristics of disease: syndrome
Collection of s/s
Characteristics of disease: diagnostic tests
Various lab tests
Appropriate to manifestations and medical history
Characteristics of disease: remission and exacerbations
Mark course/progress of a disease
Remission —> period when manifestations subside
Exacerbation —> a worsening of severity
Characteristics of disease: precipitating factor
Condition that triggers an acute episode