Chapter 1 and 2 Flashcards
What do social scientists examine? (3)
- how people are organized into a family
- specific behaviours families use to perform their roles in society
- how society motivates individuals and families carry out these responsibilities.
What are the functions of a family? (6) All Cool Snakes Bring Me Eggs
- Addition of new members through reproduction because of the dependency of infants.
- Care for all members.
- Socialize children (teach them societal values)
- Responsible for controlling their behaviour to maintain order in the family and society.
- Morals and motivation of the fa mily
- Economic function of producing and consuming goods.
How can social scientists speculate about the emergence of human families?
By studying fossil evidence dug up by archaeologists
What caused the first grouping of humans into family units?
Our large brains compared to our relative body size.
How does our brain distinguish us from other animal species?
allows us to think, feel emotions, invent, use language as a means of communication, and problem solve.
Why would humans not have survived as a species unless there were some form of family grouping?
Because infants are helpless for their first four to five years (born with a big head to hold their brain.)
What was the role of men in hunter-gatherer families?
tool makers, father to specific children, left family for days to pursue larger animals for meat
What was the role of women in hunter-gatherer families?
gathered herbs, fruits, and small pray, nurtured children, knew how to use plants as medicine (essential to survival)
How was the family organized in hunter-gatherer society?
loosely organized (a group of parents and their children)
How did hunter-gatherer families start to not become nomadic?
They started to stay in one place with an abundance of a resource such as a river.
How did agricultural families change the fundamental structure of families?
bigger families, provided more food but increased manual labour,
What was the role of women in agricultural families?
focused on private family, chattel, domestic work, handled kids
What was the role of men in agricultural families?
authoritative and decision makers (ensured fatherhood and inheritence)
What was the role of children in agricultural families?
economic assets because they could work on the land and supported their parents when they got older
What are some key terms related to agricultural families?
patriarchal, monogamy (preferred arrangement), arranged marriage, polygamy (sign of a wealthy farmer), extended family
Who did pre-industrial families consist of mostly?
Early European who migrated to Canada.
How did pre-industrial families start?
men without land moved to the city with their wives to find another job (Artisan, builder, politican, merchant, soldier)
Why was marriage an economic necessity in a pre-industrial family?
Because there was no work for single women and no housekeepers for single men
How did child labour work in pre-industrial families?
Boys: worked on a farm or became an apprentice
Girls: household chores or became a domestic servant
What was the role of men in pre-industrial families?
property owners
What was the role of women in pre-industrial families?
property of men, often harshly disciplined by men, expected to confine their activities to family household
What caused the formation of urban industrial families?
the industrial revolution
What happened to economic roles in urban industrial families?
lost its role as a producer, kept its role as a consumer
What was the role of women in urban industrial society?
motherhood, worked at home, taken care of husband financially
What was the role of men in urban industrial society?
exclusive provider, head of household, link between family and society
Why did families get smaller in the urban industrial society? (2)
- Canadians delayed marriage until they could afford a house
- children had to be supported until they finished school
What was the role of women in a modern consumer family?
to be a wife, mother, housekeeper, nurture children
What was the role of men in a modern consumer family?
father of household, made all important decisions, provide for the family, discipline the children
What was the role of children in a modern consumer family?
no child labour, they were disciplined, went to school into their teenage years
Why did Canadian families get bigger during the time of a modern consumer family?
economy grew, baby boom, women averaged 4 kids per household,
According to anthropologists, what is the definition of a family?
the ways families organize themselves to survive and thrive
universal prerequisites and functions of the survival of any society
these functions are identified as the functions of a family
According to sociologists, what is the definition of a family?
a social group characterized by common residence, economic co-operation, and reproduction
any group of people related to each other by blood or marriage
According to the Vanier Institution of a Family, what is a working definition of a family?
any combination of 2+ people who are bound together by ties through mutual consent, adoption or marriage and who abide by the 6 functions of a family (All Cool Snakes Bring Me Eggs)
Nuclear Family
husband and wife live with their children and place more importance on their married life rather than their relationship with their parents
Cultural Anthropology
they study human societies, cultures, and their development
Hordes
loose grouping of males and females and their offspring
Consanuinity
relationship by blood
Conjugal Relationships
legitimate sexual relationships that would otherwise bet termed as marriage today
Monogamy
having one martial partner
Patriarchy
men were in authority; decision makers of the family
Arranged Marriage
agreement negotiated between families, requiring men to compete for young women who could work hard and make lottaaa babies
Polygamy
several martial partners
Extended family
young adults who continued to live in their parent’s home after marriage
Cottage Industry
When males moved from rural areas to urban areas to become artisans, merchants, politicians, builder and soldiers because they did not own land (with their wives)
Industrial Nuclear Family
notion of motherhood was “sacred” and the primary role of women
Family Wage
money earned by men
Transitional Family
mother temporarily leaves the workforce to look after young children
Dual Income Family
both spouses work full time
Blended Family
divorced partners with children re-marry
Disciplines
specific branches of learning (E.x mathematics, physics, etc)
Theoretical Perspective
a POV based on a theory
Theory
framework for organizing and explaining evidence
Anthropology
the study of human behaviour in society
Ethnocentrism
the tendency to evaluate behaviour from the POV of your culture
Sociology
explains the behavior of individuals as they interact in social group
Psychology
explains the behavior of individuals through mental processes
Norm
societal standards for proper and acceptable behavior
Mesosystem
a group of people in a society based on age and generation
Roles
the set of behaviours that an individual is expected to abide
Feedback
a process which group members learn how to interact and to retain stability of the group
Cohort
small groups influenced by society who socialize individuals
What are the 4 fundamental questions social scientists ask?
1) what happens?
2) how does it happen?
3) why does it happen?
4) how can people change what happens?
What is the importance of choosing a particular discipline? (3)
- determines what observations a researcher will make and what theoretical perspective will be used to organize and explain the evidence
- will determine whether the research is marco or micro
- may suggest how results are applied to predicting what will happen
Functionalism (norms or trends)
How is a family organized to fulfill a function
Systems Theory (interaction)
How do family members interact to fulfill functions?
Symbolic Interaction (perception and interpretation)
What meanings do individuals place on behaviors and how do they respond?
Exchange Theory (determines priorities)
How do the perceived costs and benefits influence a course of action?
Life Course Approach (patterns over time using a large sample group)
How are developmental tasks at this stage influencing the behavior of individuals or families?
Conflict/Feminist Theory (brings up challenging questions)
How do power and authority affect behavior in the family?
Ecological Systems Theory (considers variables and determines patterns of influence)
How do socio-cultural, socio-economic, and interpersonal environments affect behavior?
Research Question
establishes a purpose of research
Hypothesis
possible answer to research questions (can be gathered in 2 ways)
Quantitative Method
gathers info from many people (results can be turned into statistics of the sample group to predict the behavior of an entire group)
Qualitative Method
gathers detailed info of sample group to understand their behavior (determine the reasons for the subject’s behavior and is presented as a case study)
When did women’s status change
when they became less dependent on their spouse for income and divorce act and birth control
Affective Nurturance
Meeting the emotional needs of someone
