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PS101 > Chapter 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is psychology?

A

the study of behaviour and mental processes

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2
Q

what are mental processes?

A

how the brain functions when engaged

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3
Q

what is behaviour?

A

how you react in response to stimuli

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4
Q

what are the 4 main purposes of studies?

A

description, explanation, control, prediction

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5
Q

what is description?

A

describes WHAT is occurring

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6
Q

what is explanation?

A

WHY something is happening

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7
Q

what is prediction?

A

WHEN something will happen

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8
Q

what is control?

A

limiting/increasing behaviours or mental processes

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9
Q

what influences the goals in a study?

A

the person- mental processes
the brain- structure + activity
the group- society/environment

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10
Q

how did psychology get its start?

A

people started wondering about human nature and experiences

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11
Q

who was Hippocrates and what was his main idea?

A 
4 humours - define personality, character and health
yellow bile
black bile
blood 
phlegm
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12
Q

Socrates, Pluto and Aristotle ideas

A

how the mind works and how it relates to the body
promoted testable investigations
sensations, dreams, sleep, learning

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13
Q

What was Bacon’s main idea?

A

Empiricism- all knowledge is from experience,

the scientific method, building theories

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14
Q

Descartes’ main idea?

A

the mind is distinct from the body, everything is a science

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15
Q

Helmholtz main idea?

A

thoughts and movement are linked,

measured speed of nerves

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16
Q

Why is Wundt important?

A

He is considered the founder of psychology

  • started making observations and used the experimental method
  • Believes everything can be reduced to basic elements
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17
Q

What are the 2 schools of thought?

A

structuralism

functionalism

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18
Q

what is structuralism? focus? downfalls?

A

experience can be reduced to basic elements, look at the parts that make up a whole, focused on introspection - simple thoughts expand to more complex ideas
downfalls- not objective, stimuli is constant, experience changes among and within people

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19
Q

what is functionalism?

A

examine the purpose of mental processes and how they function
influenced by Darwin and Galton, natural selection and inheritance of mental abilities
ever-changing stream of thoughts, how we adapt and survive

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20
Q

what is the Gestalt theory?

A

against structuralism
we have inborn tendencies, impose structure on what we see
Looked at the whole picture, not just parts of it

21
Q

what are the 2 types of research? describe each

A

basic research- explore general scientific understanding

applied research- used to solve practical problems

22
Q

What was Wundt’s main goal?

A

he wanted to define/explain the structure of conscious experience

23
Q

2 methods of study

A

descriptive and experimental

24
Q

what are the types of descriptive methods, what are their pros and cons

A

naturalistic- observe from afar, watch people in their natural environment,
con- wait for it to happen
laboratory, a little bit of control, still watch natural functions
con- observer bias
case study- watch one person, provides unique observations, can’t generalize findings

25
Q

what are pros and cons of the experimental method?

A

pro-can establish cause and effect
limitation- selection bias
con- placebo effect, experimenter bias

26
Q

what is a theory?

A

provides an explanation for a study

27
Q

define hypothesis

A

a prediction of the results

28
Q

independent vs dependent

A

in- experimenter manipulates

dependent- one you measure

29
Q

experimental vs. control groups

A

experimental- gets treatment, control does not

30
Q

extraneous variable

A

third variable that effects outcome of experiment

31
Q

cures for selection bias

A

random selection and random assignment

32
Q

what is random selection?

A

everyone in the population has the same chance of being picked

33
Q

random assignment

A

take a sample of the population then randomly assign to groups

34
Q

what is the double-blind technique?

A

researcher and test groups do not know who receives treatment

35
Q

hawthorne effect?

A

when you are studied you perform better

36
Q

2 types of data analysis

A

descriptive -basic summary of findings

and inferential- what you can conclude from experiment, tests hypothesis

37
Q

what is a correlation?

A

determining relationship between 2 variables

38
Q

positive vs negative correlation

A

positive- as one increases so does the other

negative- move in opposite directions

39
Q

what makes a correlation better? (Number) what does it represent?

A

anything close to 1 is the best represents the slope of the line

40
Q

how do you read correlation points?

A

data points, scatter plot, line of best fit, the angle of line refects correlation

41
Q

what are the two main concerns of psychological studies?

A

ethics- participants rights, well being, informed consent

ethical questions -is the search for knowledge worth the risk?

42
Q

what are the 2 scientific principles?

A
  • 8the universe operates according to natural laws

- the laws are discoverable and testable

43
Q

deductive vs. inductive methods

A

deductive uses broad theories and applies to specific situations
inductive takes small situations and generalizes them

44
Q

what is hypothetico-deductive reasoning?

A

take an educated guess and set about disproving the theory

45
Q

what are the steps to conduct research?

A
  1. identify question of interest
  2. develop a hypothesis
  3. select research method, select group, collect data
  4. analyze data, and relation to hypothesis
  5. publish results
  6. build a theory
46
Q

perfect correlation

A

a score of +-1

47
Q

what is replication?

A

repeated testing of the same hypothesis to ensure results are good

48
Q

positively vs negatively skewed graph

A

positive- skewed to the bottom end of results

opposite for negative

49
Q

grouped vs ungrouped frequency distribution

A

frequency each occurs
grouped- a range of scores,
ungrouped- individual scores

PS101 (2 decks)

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