CHAPTER 1 anatomy + physiology Key Definitons Flashcards
Musculoskeletal system
the name to describe the muscular and skeletal system working together
Articulating bones
bones that meet at a joint to enable movement
Flat bones
often quite large to protect vital organs
Long bones
enable gross movements
Short bones
finer controlled movements
Irregular bones
specifically shaped to protect
Synovial joint
an area of the body where two or more atriculating bones meet
Tendons
non-elastic cords that join muscle to bone
Bursae
a sac filled with liquid inside the joint to reduce friction between tendon and bone
Cartilage
a tough but flexible tissue that acts as a buffer between the bones to stop them rubbing together
Synovial fluid
a clear and slippery liquid that lubricates the joint and stops the bones rubbing together
Ligaments
bands of elastic fibre that attach bone to bone, keeping the joints stable by restricting movement
Synovial membrane
the lining inside the joint capsule that secrets synovial fluid
Joint capsule
tissue that stops synovial fluid from escaping and encloses, supports and holds the bones together
Extension
increase in the angle of bones at a joint
Flexion
decrease in the angle of bones at a joint
Abduction
movement of a bone or limb away from the midline of the body
Adduction
Movement of a bone or limb towards the midline of the body
Rotation
a circular movement around a joint, around an axis
Plantar flexion
movement at the ankle joint that points the toes
Dorsiflexion
movement at the ankle joint that flexes the foot upwards
Agonist (prime mover)
the muscles that contract to create movement
Antagonist
the muscles that relax to allow a movement to take place
Isotonic contraction
the muscle changes length when it contracts, resulting in limb movement
Isometric contraction
the length if the muscle does not change when it contracts, no limb movement
Isotonic Concentric
when the muscle contracts and shortens
Isotonic eccentric
when the muscle contracts and lengthens
Cardio-respiratory system
the name ti describe the respiratory and cardiovascular system working together
Gaseous exchange
oxygen from the air in the alveoli moves into the blood in the capillaries,
while carbon dioxide moves from the air into the capillaries in the air in the alveoli
Haemoglobin
the protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide around the body
Oxyhaemoglobin
a chemical formed when haemoglobin bonds to oxygen
Alveoli
small air sacs in the lungs where gaseous exchange takes place
Capillaries
a network of blood vessels
only one cell thick
Diffusion pathway
the distance travelled during diffusion
pathway is short in gaseous exchange
Tidal volume
the normal amount of air inhaled or exhaled per breath
- it increases with exercise
Expiratory reserve volume
the amount of air that can be forced out in after tidal volume
-decreases during exercise
Inspiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be forced in after tidal volume
-decreases during exercise
Residual volume
amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
- no change in residual volume during exercise
Vital capacity
largest volume of air that can be forcibly expired after the deepest possible inspiration
Deoxygenated blood
blood containing a low concentration of oxygen
Oxygenated blood
blood containing a high concentration of oxygen
Heart ratel
number of times your heart beats in one minute
Diastole
the phase of the heartbeat when the chambers of the heart relax and fill with blood
Systole
the phase of the heartbeat when the chambers of the heart contract and empty blood from the heart
Cardiac cycle
one cycle of diastole and systole
Vasoconstriction
the narrowing of the internal diameter of blood vessel to decrease blood flow
-arteries constrict during exercise so that less blood is delivered to inactive areas
Vasodilation
the widening of the internal diameter of a blood vessel to increase blood flow
-arteries dilate during exercise so that more blood is delivered to active areas, increasing their oxygen supply
Stroke volume
the volume of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle during one contraction
Cardiac output
volume of blood ejected from the heart in one minute
- cardiac output= stroke volume x heart rate
Aerobic exercise
low-moderate intensity
body has time to use oxygen for energy and can work for long period of time
glucose + oxygen—> carbon dioxide + water + energy
Intensity
the amount of energy needed to complete an activity
Anaerobic exercise
- working for short periods of time
- high intensity
- without oxygen
glucose —> energy + lactic acid
lactic acid
waste product of anaerobic respiration
EPOC ( excess post-exercise oxygen consumption)
amount of oxygen needed to recover after exercise
DOMS
delayed onset muscle soreness
-pain in your muscles the day after exercise
Fatigue
Extreme tiredness due to the build up of lactic acid in the muscles
Hypertrophy
the enlargement of an organ/tissue caused by an increase in the size of its cells
as small muscle tears heal they become thicker and increase in size
