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PE GCSE > CHAPTER 1 anatomy + physiology Key Definitons > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1 anatomy + physiology Key Definitons Flashcards

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1
Q

Musculoskeletal system

A

the name to describe the muscular and skeletal system working together

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2
Q

Articulating bones

A

bones that meet at a joint to enable movement

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3
Q

Flat bones

A

often quite large to protect vital organs

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4
Q

Long bones

A

enable gross movements

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5
Q

Short bones

A

finer controlled movements

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6
Q

Irregular bones

A

specifically shaped to protect

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7
Q

Synovial joint

A

an area of the body where two or more atriculating bones meet

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8
Q

Tendons

A

non-elastic cords that join muscle to bone

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9
Q

Bursae

A

a sac filled with liquid inside the joint to reduce friction between tendon and bone

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10
Q

Cartilage

A

a tough but flexible tissue that acts as a buffer between the bones to stop them rubbing together

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11
Q

Synovial fluid

A

a clear and slippery liquid that lubricates the joint and stops the bones rubbing together

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12
Q

Ligaments

A

bands of elastic fibre that attach bone to bone, keeping the joints stable by restricting movement

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13
Q

Synovial membrane

A

the lining inside the joint capsule that secrets synovial fluid

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14
Q

Joint capsule

A

tissue that stops synovial fluid from escaping and encloses, supports and holds the bones together

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15
Q

Extension

A

increase in the angle of bones at a joint

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16
Q

Flexion

A

decrease in the angle of bones at a joint

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17
Q

Abduction

A

movement of a bone or limb away from the midline of the body

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18
Q

Adduction

A

Movement of a bone or limb towards the midline of the body

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19
Q

Rotation

A

a circular movement around a joint, around an axis

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20
Q

Plantar flexion

A

movement at the ankle joint that points the toes

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21
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

movement at the ankle joint that flexes the foot upwards

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22
Q

Agonist (prime mover)

A

the muscles that contract to create movement

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23
Q

Antagonist

A

the muscles that relax to allow a movement to take place

24
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

the muscle changes length when it contracts, resulting in limb movement

25
Q

Isometric contraction

A

the length if the muscle does not change when it contracts, no limb movement

26
Q

Isotonic Concentric

A

when the muscle contracts and shortens

27
Q

Isotonic eccentric

A

when the muscle contracts and lengthens

28
Q

Cardio-respiratory system

A

the name ti describe the respiratory and cardiovascular system working together

29
Q

Gaseous exchange

A

oxygen from the air in the alveoli moves into the blood in the capillaries,
while carbon dioxide moves from the air into the capillaries in the air in the alveoli

30
Q

Haemoglobin

A

the protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide around the body

31
Q

Oxyhaemoglobin

A

a chemical formed when haemoglobin bonds to oxygen

32
Q

Alveoli

A

small air sacs in the lungs where gaseous exchange takes place

33
Q

Capillaries

A

a network of blood vessels

only one cell thick

34
Q

Diffusion pathway

A

the distance travelled during diffusion

pathway is short in gaseous exchange

35
Q

Tidal volume

A

the normal amount of air inhaled or exhaled per breath

- it increases with exercise

36
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

the amount of air that can be forced out in after tidal volume
-decreases during exercise

37
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air that can be forced in after tidal volume

-decreases during exercise

38
Q

Residual volume

A

amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
- no change in residual volume during exercise

39
Q

Vital capacity

A

largest volume of air that can be forcibly expired after the deepest possible inspiration

40
Q

Deoxygenated blood

A

blood containing a low concentration of oxygen

41
Q

Oxygenated blood

A

blood containing a high concentration of oxygen

42
Q

Heart ratel

A

number of times your heart beats in one minute

43
Q

Diastole

A

the phase of the heartbeat when the chambers of the heart relax and fill with blood

44
Q

Systole

A

the phase of the heartbeat when the chambers of the heart contract and empty blood from the heart

45
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

one cycle of diastole and systole

46
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

the narrowing of the internal diameter of blood vessel to decrease blood flow
-arteries constrict during exercise so that less blood is delivered to inactive areas

47
Q

Vasodilation

A

the widening of the internal diameter of a blood vessel to increase blood flow
-arteries dilate during exercise so that more blood is delivered to active areas, increasing their oxygen supply

48
Q

Stroke volume

A

the volume of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle during one contraction

49
Q

Cardiac output

A

volume of blood ejected from the heart in one minute

- cardiac output= stroke volume x heart rate

50
Q

Aerobic exercise

A

low-moderate intensity
body has time to use oxygen for energy and can work for long period of time

glucose + oxygen—> carbon dioxide + water + energy

51
Q

Intensity

A

the amount of energy needed to complete an activity

52
Q

Anaerobic exercise

A
  • working for short periods of time
  • high intensity
  • without oxygen

glucose —> energy + lactic acid

53
Q

lactic acid

A

waste product of anaerobic respiration

54
Q

EPOC ( excess post-exercise oxygen consumption)

A

amount of oxygen needed to recover after exercise

55
Q

DOMS

A

delayed onset muscle soreness

-pain in your muscles the day after exercise

56
Q

Fatigue

A

Extreme tiredness due to the build up of lactic acid in the muscles

57
Q

Hypertrophy

A

the enlargement of an organ/tissue caused by an increase in the size of its cells
as small muscle tears heal they become thicker and increase in size

PE GCSE (3 decks)

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