Chapter 1-Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, And Physiology Of The speech Mechanism Flashcards
What is defined as: Voicing with the structures and processes that help produce voice
Phonation
What is the modification of the voice produced at the laryngeal level called?
Resignation
What is production of speech sounds in isolation as well as in connected speech called?
Articulation
The lungs, brochi, trachea, spinal column, sternum, and rib cage are all important for what?
Respiration
When an excessive amount of carbon dioxide in the blood cells creates a need for oxygen what part of the brain reacts?and what does it do?
The medulla oblongata in the brain stem fires impulses to the respiratory muscles.
Pressure within the lungs,compared to that outside the lungs, is reduced when?
The lungs expand.
When is the duration of an exhalation topically longer? During regular breathing or when speaking?
Speaking
When compared to quiet breathing this type of breathing is more consciously monitored and adjusted to meet the demands of speech in various daily situations.
What is breathing for speech.
What is the basic process of inhalation in order?
Inhalation-> chest and lungs expand -> diaphragm lowers-> air flows in through nose and mouth-> air goes down pharynx and between open vocal folds-> air continues downward through trachea and bronchial tubes-> air reaches final destination of lungs
When are the lungs partially inflates to approximately 40% of their total capacity?
at rest.
The spinal column consists of 32-33 individual vertebrae. These are divided into five categories. Name the categories and the number of vertebrae present.
7 cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)
12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)
5 lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
5 sacral vertebrae (S1-S5) [these are fused in adults]
3-4 coccygeal vertebrae (fused and called the coccyx)
Which type of vertebrae provide points of attachment to the ribs?
The thoracic vertebrae.
Which type of vertebrae are long and suitable for weight bearing functions?
The lumbar vertebrae.
The manubrium, corpus, and zip hid process are all parts of what structure?
The Sternum.
The upper most part of the sternum which provides attachment for the clavicle and first rib is?
The manubrium.
Another name for this is body. It is long and narrow. This is also know for being the connection point the cartilages if runs 2-7.
What is corpus.
What is the small cartilaginous structure at the bottom of the sternum called?
Xiphoid process.
How many pairs of ribs make up the thoracic cage/rib cage?
12 pairs of ribs
The Sternum in the anterior surface, 12 thoracic vertebrae in the posterior surface, and 12 pairs of ribs that connect laterally from the vertebrae to their individual costal cartilage make up the?
Rib cage
What are the muscles between the ribs called?
Intercostal muscles.
What pulls downward to decrease the diameter of he thoracic cavity for exhalation?
The 11 paired internal intercostals.
What raises the ribs up and out to increase the diameter of the thoracic cavity for inhalation?
The 11 paired external intercostals.
The serrated posterior, Levantine costarum brevis, levator costarum longis, and external intercostal muscles are all involved in what?
Elevation of the rib cage.
What distends the abdomen, enlarges the vertical dimension of the thorax, and depresses the central tendon of the diaphragm?
The diaphragm (innervation (C3-C5)
What muscles and innervations elevate the rib cage?
Serratus posterior superior (C7, T1-T4)
Levator costarum brevis (T2-T12)
Levator cosrarum longis (T2-T12)
External intercostal (T2-T11)
What key muscles of the neck are also involved in the process of respiration?
Sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius.
What muscle elevates the sternum and indirectly the rib cage?
Sternocleidimastoid
What muscle controls the head and elongates the neck indirectly influencing respiration?
The trapezius.
What muscles of the shoulder and upper arm work to move the rib cage and increase/decrease it’s dimensions?
Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, and levator scapulae.
What muscle increases transverse dimension of the rib cage through elevation of the sternum?
Pectoralis major (C4-T1)
What muscle increases transverse dimensions of the rib cage?
Pectoralis minor (C4-T1)
What muscle elevates robes 1-9?
Serratus anterior (C3-C5)
What muscle elevates scapula and supports the neck?
Levator scapulae (C3-C5)
What muscles stabilize shoulder girdle?
Rhomboideus major and minor (C5)
What muscles depress ribs 1-11?
The internal intercostals and the innermost intercostals.
What muscle depresses ribs 2-6?
Transversus thoracis (T2-T6)
What two posterior thoracic muscles are involved in respiration? (Both support exhalation)
Serratus posterior inferior muscle (pulls the rib cage down) and subcostal muscle (depresses the thorax).
What are the muscles of expiration (breathing out)?
Latissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis, transversus abdominals, internal oblique abdominis, and quadratus lumborum.
What muscle stabilizes the posterior abdominal wall for expiration?
Latissimus dorsi (C6-C8)
What muscle flexes the vertebral column?
Rectus abdominis (T7-T12)
What muscle compresses the abdomen?
Transversus abdominis (T7-T12)
What muscle compresses the abdomen, flexes and rotates trunk?
Internal oblique abdominis (T7-T12)
What muscle supports abdominal compression through bilateral contraction, which fixes abdominal walls?
Quadratus lumborum (T12, L1-L4)
Moving toward the midline is called?
Adduct
Moving away from the midline is called?
Abduct
Biological functions of the larynx:
- closure of the trachea so that food and other substances do not enter the lungs
- production of the cough reflex to expel foreign substances that accidentally enter the trachea
- closure of the vocal folds to build subglottic pressure necessary for physical tasks such as excretion and lifting of heavy items.
What does the hyoid bone do?
It suspends the larynx
Of the key cartilages if the larynx which one forms the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx and protects the larynx.
Thyroid cartilage
Of the key cartilages in the larynx: which one is viewed as he uppermost tracheal ring. This is linked to the thyroid cartilage and the paired arytenoid cartilages. It completely surrounds the trachea.
Cricoid cartilage.
Of the key cartilages of the larynx which one is small, pyramid-shaped cartilages connected to the cricoid through the cricoarytenoid joint, which permits sliding and circular movements?
Arytenoid cartilages
Of the cartilages in the throat what ones are small and cone-shaped. Sits on the apex of the arytenoids. They assist in reducing the laryngeal opening when a person is swallowing.
Corniculate cartilages
Of the cartilages in the throat what ones are tiny come-shaped that are located under the mucous membrane that covers the aryepiglotoc folds. Their role is to stiffen or tense the aryepiglottic folds.
Cuneiform cartilages
Intrinsic laryngeal muscles are primarily responsible for controlling sound production what are the 6 muscles that fall into this category?
- thyroarytenoid
- lateral cricoarytenoid
- transverse arytenoid
- oblique arytenoid
- cricothyroid
- posterior cricoarytenoid
What is the primary portion of the thyroarytenoid muscle, which vibrates and produces sound. Generally referred to as the vocalist muscle/ vocal folds.
Internal thyroarytenoid
Adductor muscles of the larynx includes:
- lateral cricoarytenoid
- transverse arytenoid
- oblique arytenoid
Abduction of the vocal folds is accomplished when..?
The posterior cricoarytenoid muscle contracts
Of the interinsic laryngeal muscles this one is the internal thyroarytenoid the primary portion of the thyroarytenoid muscle, which vibrates and produces sound?
Thyroarytenoid (innervation of Cranial nerve X [10-vagus nerve])
Of the interinsic laryngeal muscles which one addicted vocal folds, increases medical compression?
Lateral cricoarytenoid (innervation of Cranial nerve X [10-vagus nerve])
Of the interinsic laryngeal muscles which one addicted the vocal folds?
Transverse arytenoid (innervation of Cranial nerve X [10-vagus nerve])
Of the interinsic laryngeal muscles which pulls the apex of the arytenoids in a medial direction?
Oblique arytenoid (innervation of Cranial nerve X [10-vagus nerve])
Of the interinsic laryngeal muscles which one lengthens and tenses vocal folds?
Cricothyroid (innervation of Cranial nerve X [10-vagus nerve])
Of the interinsic laryngeal muscles which one abducts the vocal folds?
Posterior cricoarytenoid (innervation of Cranial nerve X [10-vagus nerve])
What muscles primary function is to support the larynx and fix its position? These muscles must have one attachment to a structure within the larynx and one attachment to a structure outside the larynx.
Extrinsic laryngeal muscles
The elevators or suprhyoid muscles lie above the hyoid bone and consist of..?
- digastric (innervates CN- V[trigeminal] ,VII [facial]
- geniohyoid (innervates CN-XII[hypoglossal] and C1)
- mylohyoid (innervates CN-V)
- stylohyoid (innervates CN-VII)
- hyoglossus (innervates CN-XII)
- genioglossus (innervates CN-XII)
The depressors or infrahyoid muscles lie below the hyoid bone and consist of…?
- throhyoid (innervates CN-XII [hypoglossal] and C1)
- omohyoid (innervates C1-C3)
- sternothyroid (innervates C1-C3)
- sternohyoid (innervates C1-C3)
What are the three layers of the vocal folds?
A) the epithelium or outer cover
B) the lamina propria or middle layer
C) vocalis muscle or body (this provides stability and mass to the vocal fold)
What are the other pair of folds around the vocal folds?
- Aryepiglottic folds: composed of a ring of connective tissue and muscle extending from the tips of the arytenoids to the larynx
- ventricular or false vocal folds. (Compress during coughing or lifting of heavy objects).
What is caused by he increased speed of air passing between the vocal folds. It’s the “sucking” motion of the vocal folds toward one another.
Bernoulli effect
This movement is vital to to the vibration of the vocal folds. During this movement the cover and the transient over the vocalis muscle slide and produce a wave.
Mucosal wave
That cortical areas (places in the brain) are the primary areas involved in speech-motor control, including phonation are what?
- area 4 (primary motor cortex)
- area 44 (Brock’s area)
- area 3,1,2 (somatosensory cortex)
- area 6 (supplementary motor cortex)
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Regulating motor movements. (Critical in the control of speech movement)
Note: It is key to the coordination of the laryngeal muscles for adequate phonation. It’s also key to the effective functioning of other speech systems like respiration.
Which cranial nerve innervates the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?
CN- VII (the facial nerve)
Which cranial nerve has the following primary branches (superior laryngeal nerve [SLN] and recurrent laryngeal nerve [RLN])
CN-X (the vagus nerve)
Which primary branch of CN-X has internal and external branches. With internal branches that provide all sensory information to the larynx, and an external branch supplies motor innervation solely to the cricothyroid muscle.
Superior laryngeal nerve (SNL)
Of CN-X’s primary branches which one supplies all motor innervation to the inter arytenoid, posterior cricoarytenoid, and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles. It also supplies all sensory information below the vocal folds.
Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN)
What are the structure involved in articulation?
- Pharynx
- soft palate
- hard palate
- mandible
- teeth
- tongue
- lips
- cheek
What is the modification of laryngeal tone by selective dampening or enhancement of specific frequencies.
Resignation
What does the velum do for speech?
The velum elevates and retracts to produce all other (oral) sounds in the English language
The _______ depicts the vocal tract as a series of linked tunes: the oral cavity, or mouth; the pharynx; and the nasal cavity.
Source-filter theory
What is the connection of moveable parts or the joining of two elements? Refers to the movement of joined an atomic parts, as well as the production of speech sounds that result from such movements.
Articulation
The pharyngeal cavity is divided into three segments:
- laryngopharynx: which begins immediately superior to the larynx and ends at the base of the tongue, is connected to the oropharynx
- oropharynx: which extends up to the soft palate and is connected to the nasopharynx
- nasopharynx: which ends where the two nasal cavities begin.
Most pharyngeal muscles are innervates by what two CNs?
CN-X (the vagus nerve) and CN-XI (spinal accessory nerve)
Of the pharyngeal muscles which one elevates the lateral pharyngeal wall?
Salpingopharyngeus (innervates CN-X (the vagus nerve) and CN-XI (the spinal accessory nerve).
Of the pharyngeal muscles which one elevates and opens the pharynx.
Stylopharyngeus (innervates CN-XI (the spinal accessory nerve))