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SCRN > Chapter 1-Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1-Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Lobes of the Cerebrum

A

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital

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2
Q

Basal Ganglia (parts and function)

A

Striatum (caudate nucleaus, putanem), internal capsule, globus pallidus
Function: Muscle movement, extra pyramidal motor system

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3
Q

Limbic System (parts)

A

Hypothalamus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus

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4
Q

Hypothalamus

A

(limbic), ANS, body temp and circadian rhythm

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5
Q

Amygdala

A

(limbic) memory and **emotion

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6
Q

Cingulate Gyrus

A

(limbic) takes input from thalamus–helps w/ emotion and memory

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7
Q

Hippocampus

A

(limbic) short term memory

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8
Q

Diencephalon (parts)

A

Thalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland

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9
Q

Thalamus

A

(diencephalon) relay station for senspry info

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10
Q

Pituitary gland

A

(diencephalon) Anterior-produces hormones (tropins, prolactin) posterior- release hormones

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11
Q

pineal gland

A

(diencephalon) produces serotonin and melatonin, circadian rhythm

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12
Q

Parts of brain stem

A

Medulla, Pons, Midbrain

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13
Q

Medulla

A

ends where spinal cord begins; hypoglossal, glossopharengeal, vagus, accessory

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14
Q

pons

A

message center for cerebellum and cerebrum; Abducens, facial, vestibucochlear, trigeminal

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15
Q

midbrain

A

eyemovement, reflexes with hearing and vision; optic nerve, oculomotor, trochlear

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16
Q

What is normal cerebral blood flow to tissue?

A

50-55 mL/100g/min

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17
Q

What cerebral blood flow does cell death occur

A

<6mL/100g/min

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18
Q

What arteries carry oxygenated blood from heart to brain?

A 
Bilateral carotid (anterior circulation)
Bilateral vertebral (posterior circulation
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19
Q

What does the Middle Cerebral Artery supply?

A

Anterior circ; Majority of frontal, parietal, temporal lobes; brocas, wernickes, basal gang, internal capsule

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20
Q

What does the Anterior Cerebral Artery supply?

A

Anterior circ; Medial portion of frontal and parietal, small section corpus callosum , olfactory bulb and tract

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21
Q

What does the Posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

anterior circ; occipital lobe, midbrain, thalamus, pinela gland, chorioid plexsus, corpus collosum

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22
Q

What does the basilar artery supply?

A

brain stem and cerebellum

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23
Q

What does the PICA supply?

A

Spinothalmic tract, cerebellum, superior medulla, chroid plexsus, 4th ventricle

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24
Q

What does AICA supply?

A

anterior, inferior , section of cerebellum

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25
Ischemic stroke
Arterial blood flow fails to meet metabolic demands of cells
26
penumbra
"border", surrounds core infarct; functionally silent, METABOLLICALLY ACTIVE
27
Necrotic Pathway
cell energy failure; activated by loss of O2 and glucose
28
Apoptotic pathway
programmed cell death in the penumbral zone (normal process where they die in organized fashion as a response to nearby cell death
29
ICH
cerebral blood vessel abnormally opens up and spills blood into brain tissue
30
Primary brain injury (ICH)
Hematoma formation, deficits seen in first several minutes-hours. Causes mass effect and cell damage and death from hematoma
31
Secondary brain injury (ICH)
Hours to days after ICH. Mass effect causes mechanical disruption, damage to cell membranes results in influx of electrolytes (ex calcium), causes necrosis and cytotoxic edema ALSO positive feedback loop, and activation of coagulation cascade (hematoma expansion)
32
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Head trauma most common cause, second is aneurysm; blood spilling into the arachnoid space
33
Saccular aneurysm
Commonly at the junction of vessels in the COW
34
Fusiform aneurysm
Less common; usually located in the vertebrobasilar vascular system
35
EBI after rupture (early brain injury)
Hours and first several days after rupture; EBI is result of reduction of blood flow in microcirculation
36
Cerebral Vasospasm
Delayed Cerebral Injury; large vessel vasospasm usually occurs on day 4(up to 21 days). Cause unknown: theory nitric oxide--> smooth muscle--> vasoconstriction, endotheliain
37
ICA (internal carotid stroke syndrome )
Aphasia (if dom hem), Neglect (if non dom), contralateral homonymous hemianopsia, contralateral motor and sensory, ipsilateral eye deviation **may have opthalmis events b/c of ophthalmic artery branches from ICA
38
Opthalmic events r/t ICA stroke
Central Retinal Artery occlusion (CRAO), Amaurious fagax, Horners Syndrome
39
CRAO
r/t ICA CVA; central retinal artery occlusion--sudden painless unilateral vision loss, Marcus Gunn pupil
40
Amaruroius fagax
r/t ICA CVA; transiet monocular blindness due to retinal ischemia
41
Horners syndrome
r/t ICA CVA; Ptosis, miosis (excessive pupillary constriction), facial anhidrosis Common in carotid dissection, tumor, infections
42
MCA stroke syndrome
Aphasia (if dom hem), neglect (if non dom), contralateral motor and sensory loss face arm leg A>L, homonymous hemianopsia, eye deviation towards lesion, May have anosognosia (if right parietal lobe)
43
Anosognosia
neglect of lack of self awareness (right parietal)
44
ACA stroke syndrome
Contralateral motor and sensory arm and leg L>A, (face/tongue spared), abulia, if severe suck grasp
45
Abulia
lack of concern or disinhibition (ACA)
46
PCA stroke syndrome
Contralateral homonymous heminaopia, visual agnosia, alexia (cannot read) if dom hem), agraphia, prosopagnosia, Webers, Parinauds. **IF PCA PURE NO PARALYSIS OR APHASIA
47
Bilateral PCA occlusion
total blindness and amnesia
48
agraphia
loss of ability to write or spell
49
prosopagnosia
inability to recognize faces of familiar people
50
Weber's syndrome
injury to midbrain, ipsilateral oculomotor 3rd nerve palsy, contralateral hemiplegia, bulbular muscle dysfunction
51
Parinauds Syndrome
injury to midbrain; impaired upgaze, convergence- retraction nystagmus. Primary conjugate downgaze
52
3rd nerve palsy
webers syndrome; completely closed eyelid with a deviation of eye outward and downward
53
PICA stroke syndrome
Wallenbergs syndrome , dysphagia, dysarthria, dysphonia
54
Wallenbergs syndrome
PICA occlusion; lateral medullary syndrome. damage to spinothalamic tract; results in loss of pain and temp sensation in contralateral trunk, ipsilateral face
55
AICA stroke syndrome
Lateral pontine syndrome (vertigo, vomiting, nystagmus, falling towards side of lesion, ipsilateral loss of sensation to face, ipsilateral facial paralysis, ipsilateral hearing loss, nystagmus.
56
BA stroke syndrome
vertebrobasilar artery syndrome; acute occlusion is life threatening, mixed motor dysconjugate gaze, AMS, lethergy, locked in syndrome
57
Locked-in syndrome
Pontine damage from BA occlusion; (rare) cognition intact, quadriplegic, and cannot speak
58
CVT
thrombosis of the dural sinus or cerebral veins (0.5-1% of strokes
59
Common symptoms with CVT
headache, seizure
60
Examples of stroke mimics
Metaboic syndromes, seizures (todds), migraine , MS, tumor
61
Neuroplasticity
Process of remodeling the CNS; critical in regaining after after lost function

SCRN (2 decks)

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