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SCRN > Chapter 1-Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1-Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Lobes of the Cerebrum

A

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital

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2
Q

Basal Ganglia (parts and function)

A

Striatum (caudate nucleaus, putanem), internal capsule, globus pallidus
Function: Muscle movement, extra pyramidal motor system

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3
Q

Limbic System (parts)

A

Hypothalamus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus

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4
Q

Hypothalamus

A

(limbic), ANS, body temp and circadian rhythm

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5
Q

Amygdala

A

(limbic) memory and **emotion

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6
Q

Cingulate Gyrus

A

(limbic) takes input from thalamus–helps w/ emotion and memory

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7
Q

Hippocampus

A

(limbic) short term memory

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8
Q

Diencephalon (parts)

A

Thalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland

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9
Q

Thalamus

A

(diencephalon) relay station for senspry info

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10
Q

Pituitary gland

A

(diencephalon) Anterior-produces hormones (tropins, prolactin) posterior- release hormones

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11
Q

pineal gland

A

(diencephalon) produces serotonin and melatonin, circadian rhythm

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12
Q

Parts of brain stem

A

Medulla, Pons, Midbrain

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13
Q

Medulla

A

ends where spinal cord begins; hypoglossal, glossopharengeal, vagus, accessory

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14
Q

pons

A

message center for cerebellum and cerebrum; Abducens, facial, vestibucochlear, trigeminal

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15
Q

midbrain

A

eyemovement, reflexes with hearing and vision; optic nerve, oculomotor, trochlear

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16
Q

What is normal cerebral blood flow to tissue?

A

50-55 mL/100g/min

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17
Q

What cerebral blood flow does cell death occur

A

<6mL/100g/min

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18
Q

What arteries carry oxygenated blood from heart to brain?

A 
Bilateral carotid (anterior circulation)
Bilateral vertebral (posterior circulation
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19
Q

What does the Middle Cerebral Artery supply?

A

Anterior circ; Majority of frontal, parietal, temporal lobes; brocas, wernickes, basal gang, internal capsule

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20
Q

What does the Anterior Cerebral Artery supply?

A

Anterior circ; Medial portion of frontal and parietal, small section corpus callosum , olfactory bulb and tract

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21
Q

What does the Posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

anterior circ; occipital lobe, midbrain, thalamus, pinela gland, chorioid plexsus, corpus collosum

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22
Q

What does the basilar artery supply?

A

brain stem and cerebellum

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23
Q

What does the PICA supply?

A

Spinothalmic tract, cerebellum, superior medulla, chroid plexsus, 4th ventricle

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24
Q

What does AICA supply?

A

anterior, inferior , section of cerebellum

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25
Q

Ischemic stroke

A

Arterial blood flow fails to meet metabolic demands of cells

26
Q

penumbra

A

“border”, surrounds core infarct; functionally silent, METABOLLICALLY ACTIVE

27
Q

Necrotic Pathway

A

cell energy failure; activated by loss of O2 and glucose

28
Q

Apoptotic pathway

A

programmed cell death in the penumbral zone (normal process where they die in organized fashion as a response to nearby cell death

29
Q

ICH

A

cerebral blood vessel abnormally opens up and spills blood into brain tissue

30
Q

Primary brain injury (ICH)

A

Hematoma formation, deficits seen in first several minutes-hours. Causes mass effect and cell damage and death from hematoma

31
Q

Secondary brain injury (ICH)

A

Hours to days after ICH. Mass effect causes mechanical disruption, damage to cell membranes results in influx of electrolytes (ex calcium), causes necrosis and cytotoxic edema ALSO positive feedback loop, and activation of coagulation cascade (hematoma expansion)

32
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

A

Head trauma most common cause, second is aneurysm; blood spilling into the arachnoid space

33
Q

Saccular aneurysm

A

Commonly at the junction of vessels in the COW

34
Q

Fusiform aneurysm

A

Less common; usually located in the vertebrobasilar vascular system

35
Q

EBI after rupture (early brain injury)

A

Hours and first several days after rupture; EBI is result of reduction of blood flow in microcirculation

36
Q

Cerebral Vasospasm

A

Delayed Cerebral Injury; large vessel vasospasm usually occurs on day 4(up to 21 days). Cause unknown: theory nitric oxide–> smooth muscle–> vasoconstriction, endotheliain

37
Q

ICA (internal carotid stroke syndrome )

A

Aphasia (if dom hem), Neglect (if non dom), contralateral homonymous hemianopsia, contralateral motor and sensory, ipsilateral eye deviation **may have opthalmis events b/c of ophthalmic artery branches from ICA

38
Q

Opthalmic events r/t ICA stroke

A

Central Retinal Artery occlusion (CRAO), Amaurious fagax, Horners Syndrome

39
Q

CRAO

A

r/t ICA CVA; central retinal artery occlusion–sudden painless unilateral vision loss, Marcus Gunn pupil

40
Q

Amaruroius fagax

A

r/t ICA CVA; transiet monocular blindness due to retinal ischemia

41
Q

Horners syndrome

A

r/t ICA CVA; Ptosis, miosis (excessive pupillary constriction), facial anhidrosis
Common in carotid dissection, tumor, infections

42
Q

MCA stroke syndrome

A

Aphasia (if dom hem), neglect (if non dom), contralateral motor and sensory loss face arm leg A>L, homonymous hemianopsia, eye deviation towards lesion, May have anosognosia (if right parietal lobe)

43
Q

Anosognosia

A

neglect of lack of self awareness (right parietal)

44
Q

ACA stroke syndrome

A

Contralateral motor and sensory arm and leg L>A, (face/tongue spared), abulia, if severe suck grasp

45
Q

Abulia

A

lack of concern or disinhibition (ACA)

46
Q

PCA stroke syndrome

A

Contralateral homonymous heminaopia, visual agnosia, alexia (cannot read) if dom hem), agraphia, prosopagnosia, Webers, Parinauds. **IF PCA PURE NO PARALYSIS OR APHASIA

47
Q

Bilateral PCA occlusion

A

total blindness and amnesia

48
Q

agraphia

A

loss of ability to write or spell

49
Q

prosopagnosia

A

inability to recognize faces of familiar people

50
Q

Weber’s syndrome

A

injury to midbrain, ipsilateral oculomotor 3rd nerve palsy, contralateral hemiplegia, bulbular muscle dysfunction

51
Q

Parinauds Syndrome

A

injury to midbrain; impaired upgaze, convergence- retraction nystagmus. Primary conjugate downgaze

52
Q

3rd nerve palsy

A

webers syndrome; completely closed eyelid with a deviation of eye outward and downward

53
Q

PICA stroke syndrome

A

Wallenbergs syndrome , dysphagia, dysarthria, dysphonia

54
Q

Wallenbergs syndrome

A

PICA occlusion; lateral medullary syndrome. damage to spinothalamic tract; results in loss of pain and temp sensation in contralateral trunk, ipsilateral face

55
Q

AICA stroke syndrome

A

Lateral pontine syndrome (vertigo, vomiting, nystagmus, falling towards side of lesion, ipsilateral loss of sensation to face, ipsilateral facial paralysis, ipsilateral hearing loss, nystagmus.

56
Q

BA stroke syndrome

A

vertebrobasilar artery syndrome; acute occlusion is life threatening, mixed motor dysconjugate gaze, AMS, lethergy, locked in syndrome

57
Q

Locked-in syndrome

A

Pontine damage from BA occlusion; (rare) cognition intact, quadriplegic, and cannot speak

58
Q

CVT

A

thrombosis of the dural sinus or cerebral veins (0.5-1% of strokes

59
Q

Common symptoms with CVT

A

headache, seizure

60
Q

Examples of stroke mimics

A

Metaboic syndromes, seizures (todds), migraine , MS, tumor

61
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Process of remodeling the CNS; critical in regaining after after lost function

SCRN (2 decks)

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