Chapter 1 Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
What is Anatomy?
The study of the body and its structure
What is Kinesiology?
The study of movement of the body
What are bones comprised of?
Calcium and phosphate
What are the functions bones provide?
- SUPPORT - framework for the soft tissues of the body
- ATTACHMENT SITES - for skeletal muscles
- PROTECTION - for internal organs
- BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION - red marrow in the spongy bone, or long bone, are where platelets, red and white blood cells are produced
- MINERAL STORAGE - storage area for large amounts of calcium phosphate which can be removed for later use in muscle contraction and digestion
What are the 5 types of bones?
LONG - femur, tibia, fibula SHORT - tarsals, carpals FLAT - frontal bone ROUND - patella, sesmoid (formed to increase torque within a joint) IIREGULAR - vertebra, pelvis
How many sesamoid bones do you have and what is its purpose?
Total = 8
Pisiform x2, Patella x 2, Sesamoid x4 at the bottom of foot that creates a tunnel for tendon to run through
Sesamoid creates a fulcrum to increase force production
How many bones are in the body?
How many Axial and what are they?
How many Appendicular and what are they?
Total = 206 Axial = 80, center - cranium, vertebral column, ribs, sternum, and hyoid bone Appendicular = 126, "appendages" arms and pectoral girdle, legs and pelvic girdle
What is a joint and what are the 3 types?
Articulation, or point or contact, between bones
SYNARTHROSIS - immovable joint, bone is connected by fibrous tissue, syn means without so very little or lack of movement, MOST stable (ex. Skull sutures)
AMPHIARTHROSIS - slightly moveable joint (shock absorbers), cartilaginous joint, little movement, connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage (ex. Pubis symphysis, vertebral discs)
DIARTHROSIS - freely moveable, synovial joint, articulating bone surrounded by joint capsule of ligaments and synovial membrane, LEAST stable (ex. Hip joint)
What are the 6 types of synovial joint?
What do they look like?
What planes of movement do they do?
BALL AND SOCKET - round convex art. with round convex (shoulder) capable of moment in every plane, ex. circumduction
ELLIPSOID / CONDYLOID - oval-shape convex art. with elliptical concave (wrist) flexion/extension and abduction/addiction
GLIDING / PLANAR - art. surface are nearly or completely flat (carpals and tarsals) only small shifting movements possible, least movement of all synovial joints
HINGE - cylindrical convex art. with concave, looks like door hinge (elbow) only flexion / extension
PIVOT - cylindrical surface art. with ring-like structure (radioulnar, C1-C2 atlantoaxial) rotation, flex/ex, maybe lateral flexion
SADDLE - both art. surfaces have convex and concave parts (1st metacarpal joint) flex/ex, abd/add, and opposition
All movement initiate from what position
Anatomical position, 99% of the time
What are the planes of movement
Sagittal plane, mid-sagittal/median, coronal/frontal plane, transverse/horizontal plane
Coronal/frontal divides into what sections?
What movements can you do with what body parts?
Front/back, anterior/posterior sections
Viewing from superficial to deep
Axial and appendicular adducts/abducts, deviates, inverts/everts at extremity and flexes sideways (axial) and elevates/depresses at appendage in that plane. Any side movements and forward/backward movement of mandible and scapula are in the trnasverse plane
Axial Movement - lateral flexion (head, C-spine to L-spine), lateral tilt? (elevation of pelvis)
Appendicular movement - abduction/adduction (shoulder, fingers, toes, hip), elevation/depression and upward/downward rotation (scapula), elevation/expansion/inhale and depression/collapse/exhale (ribs, thorax), radial/ulnar deviation (wrist), inversion/eversion (foot and ankle)
Mid-sagittal/median divides into what sections?
Sagittal divides into what sections?
What movements can you do in the sagittal plane?
Equal left and right halves from the center
Viewing from lateral to medial, superficial to deep
Axial flexes and extends forward and backward in the plane. Any forward and back movement of the mandible and scapula is in te transverse plane
Movements - flexion/extension/hyperextension (C-spine to L-spine), elevation/depression (mandible)
Left and right sections, viewing lateral to medial
Appendicular flexes and extends forward and backward in the plane
Movements - Flexion/extension/hyperextension (shoulder, elbow, wrist, finger and toes, knees, hip), dorsiflexion/plantar flexion (ankle and foot)
Transverse/horizontal plane divides the body into what sections?
What movements can you do in this plane?
Upper and lower parts, superior/inferior parts
View superior and inferior, distal to proximal
Axial and appendicular rotates, supinates/pronates, and horizontally adducts/abducts. Any forward and backward and sideways movement of mandible and scapula is in the transverse plane, not sagittal or coronal.
Axial movements - rotation, lateral deviation and protraction/retraction (mandible)
Appendicular movements - medial/internal rotation and lateral/external rotation and horizontal abduction/adduction (shoulder and hip), pronation/supination (forearm and hand), opposition? (thmedial/lateral rotation (flexed knee), protraction/retraction (mandible, scapula, clavicle, head), anterior tilt/downward rotation and posterior tilt/upward rotation (pelvis)
