Chapter 1: Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

Using an example from a sport of your choice, identify the two types of movement that can occur at a hinge joint. (4)

Answer 1

AO1
• Flexion (1)
• Extension (1)

AO2
Answers must contain the movement and a relevant sporting example.
• (Flexion) lifting a hockey stick in preparation to strike the ball (1)
• (Extension) movement of the stick downwards to strike the ball (1)

Question 2

Breathing enables gaseous exchange to occur at the alveoli.

Outline how two features of the alveoli assist in gaseous exchange. (2)

Answer 2

• Large surface area of alveoli to allow larger volumes of gases / oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the lungs and the bloodstream (1)
• Moist thin walls / one cell thick creating a short distance for diffusion / short diffusion pathway (1)
• Lots of capillaries around the alveoli so large area for gas exchange (1)
• Large blood supply to carry gases / oxygen and carbon dioxide (1)
• Movement of gas from high concentration to low concentration means there is a pressure gradient which allows diffusion to occur (1)

Question 3

Name two flat bones and, using a sporting action of your choice, suggest how these bones provide protection during performance. (4)

Answer 3

• Cranium (1 × AO1)
• Provides protection for the brain whilst heading a football / equivalent (1 × AO2)
• Sternum (1 × AO1)
• Provides protection to the heart when controlling a football on the chest / equivalent (1 × AO2)
• Scapula (1 × AO1)
• Provides protection for the shoulder joint during contact made with another player when catching a netball / equivalent (1 × AO2)
• Ribs (1 × AO1)
• Protect the lungs during any impact with a hockey ball / equivalent (1 × AO2)
• Pelvis (1 × AO1)
• Protects the reproductive system / bladder during contact made in a rugby tackle / equivalent (1 × AO2)

Question 4

(b) Outline how two of the features of the shoulder joint aim to prevent injury occurring.

Answer 4

• Shape of the articular surface / bones – allows bones to fit together (1)
  • Ligaments – attach bone to bone / restrict movement (1)
  • Joint capsule / fibrous capsule – lined with synovial membrane / encloses / supports / joints (1)
  • Synovial membrane – secretes synovial fluid (1)
  • Synovial fluid – provides lubrication (1)
  • Cartilage (hyaline / articular) – prevents friction / stops bones rubbing together (1)
  • Bursae (sacks of fluid) – to reduce friction (1)

Question 5

Identify the type of synovial joint working at the shoulder. (1)

Answer 5

Ball and Socket

Question 6

Define cardiac output. (1)

Answer 6

• The amount of blood ejected / pumped from the heart in one minute (1)
• Stroke volume × heart rate (1)

Question 7

In 1999, Michael Johnson set a new world record for the 400m with a time of 43.18 seconds.

(a) Justify why his performance was mainly aerobic or anaerobic. (4)

Answer 7

AO2
• Anaerobic (1)

AO3 (sub-max 3 marks)
• 400m is a sprint event and all sprint events are anaerobic (1)
• Maximal intensity / effort and low duration means insufficient oxygen is available to work aerobically (1)
• Energy demand is higher than oxygen available, therefore anaerobic (1)
• No reduction in intensity / time to rest to repay oxygen debt (1)
• Body uses glucose → energy + lactic acid because of the lack of oxygen (1)

Question 8

How is maximal heart rate calculated? (1)

Answer 8

Maximum heart rate (220 bpm) minus age / 220 – age (1)

Question 9

Define the terms tidal volume and residual volume (2)

Answer 9

• Tidal volume – volume of air inspired or expired / exchanged per breath (1)
• Residual volume – volume of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration (1)

Question 10

Outline what will happen to tidal volume and residual volume once exercise starts. (2)

Answer 10

• Tidal volume increases (once exercise starts) (1)
• Residual volume stays the same (once exercise starts) (1)

Question 11

Name the two types of movement that can occur at a hinge joint. (2)

Answer 11

• Flexion or bending or decreasing the angle (between the bones).
• Extension or straightening or increasing the angle (between the bones).

Question 12

What is meant by the term ‘fatigue’? (1)

Answer 12

Fatigue is a feeling of extreme or severe (physical or mental) tiredness or exhaustion. (1)

Question 13

Explain how fatigue may occur and state the negative effect that it can have on a performer in a named physical activity. (2)

Answer 13

Caused by:

• over exertion.
• prolonged physical activity.
• build-up of lactic acid.
• lack of oxygen to the muscles.
• when energy demand out-strips supply. (1)

A performer may:

• lose concentration.
• be substituted.
• make unforced errors.
• not be able to (keep up with) play.

Question 14

Explain the role of the skeletal system in producing movement of the body. (5)

Answer 14

•The skeletal system allows movement at a joint / the shape and type of the bones determine the amount of movement / short bones enable finer controlled movements / long bones enable gross movement

•The different joint types allow different types of movement / hinge joint allows extension and flexion / ball and socket allows flexion, extension, abduction and adduction and circular motion

•The skeleton provides a point of attachment for muscles / when muscles (contract) they pull the bone.

Question 15

Movement is brought about by the muscular and skeletal systems working together.

Using an example, explain how muscles and bones work together to produce movement (4)

Answer 15

• Muscles are attached to bones via tendons.
• The origin is attached to the bone that doesn’t move / the insertion is attached to the bone that moves
• Muscles can only pull / and are arranged in pairs (antagonistic)
• One contracts (shortens or flexes or agonist or prime mover) / and one relaxes (lengthens or antagonist)
• Ligaments keep the joint stable
• Movement can only occur at a joint.

Question 16

Explain what is meant by abduction. (2)

Answer 16

• The movement of a bone or limb / away from the body

Question 17

Name two of the air passages which allow air to enter the body. (2)

Answer 17

• mouth
• nose
• pharynx
• epiglottis
• larynx
• trachea
• bronchi
• bronchioles

Question 18

Describe what gaseous exchange is and clearly state where it takes place. (3)

Answer 18

Oxygen being taken in / being exchanged for the carbon dioxide which is to be breathed out (2)

Question 19

Explain how the heart acts as a pump in a double circulatory system. (3)

Answer 19

• blood enters the right atrium / dark red in colour with little oxygen
• right atrium pumps blood / into the right ventricle
• the right ventricle pumps through the pulmonary artery / to the lungs
• from the lungs the blood returns / to the left atrium
• the left atrium pumps the blood / into the left ventricle
• the left ventricle pumps the blood / into the aorta/ to the body

Question 20

Name three major bones which are located in the leg. (3)

Answer 20

• Femur
• Patella
• Tibia
• Fibula.

Question 21

Name two muscles which are also located in the leg. (2)

Answer 21

• Gluteals
• Quadriceps
• Hamstrings
• Gastrocnemius/calf
• Soleus.

Question 22

Explain what is meant by extension. (2)

Answer 22

• The increasing of an angle/between two bones
• A joint which is straightened so that one of the bones of the joint moves/away from the other
• The action of opening/ a joint.

Question 23

Give two examples of sporting situations where extension occurs. (2)

Answer 23

• Straightening the leg at the knee when kicking a football
• Straightening the arm at the elbow when throwing a ball
• A correct actual example such as performing a triceps extension.

Question 24

Describe two places on the body where the pulse can be found. (2)

Answer 24

• Radial pulse/at the base of the thumb on the inside of the wrist
• Temporal pulse/just over the temple at the side of the forehead
• Carotid pulse/on either side of the neck
• Femoral pulse-in the groin.

Question 25

Explain why it is important to monitor and record the pulse rate when exercising or training. (2)

Answer 25

• The heart rate lets you know how quickly the blood is being pumped around the body
• This is effectively providing the energy to allow the body to exercise
• There are certain zones or areas which the heart rate can be increased to or worked in
• The speed of your recovery rate is a general indicator of your fitness levels
• The quicker you are able to return your pulse to its resting rate the fitter you are
• Monitoring the rate can be used as a training indicator to make sure you are working at the correct levels
• Varying the pulse rate can be used relative to the principle of overload
• Safety aspects can be considered to ensure you are not working at too high a level.

Question 26

Movement is one of the functions of the skeleton.

(i) Name three other functions.

Answer 26

• Support
• Protection
• Shape
• Blood production
• Mineral storage.

Question 27

Explain the function of cartilage in relation to movement. (2)

Answer 27

• Cushions between bones
• To stop rubbing during movement
• Acts as a shock absorber
• Stabilises joints
• Prevents excess movement
• Allows easier movement

Question 28

What is meant by the term ‘aerobic’? (1)

Answer 28

Aerobic ‒ respiration in the presence of oxygen
Glucose + oxygen = energy + carbon dioxide + water

Question 29

Describe a situation in which a performer would be working aerobically. (2)

Answer 29

e.g. activities that need long term energy systems, such as cross country running or long distance cycling

Question 30

What is meant by the term ‘anaerobic’? (1)

Answer 30

Anaerobic ‒ respiration in the absence of oxygen
glucose → energy + lactic acid

Question 31

Describe a situation in which a performer would be working anaerobically. (2)

Answer 31

Activities that need short term energy systems such as 100m sprinting or weightlifting.

Question 32

Name the three major bones which are located in the arm. (3)

Answer 32

• humerus
• radius
• ulna.

Question 33

Names are given to particular ranges of movements. Describe the following movements and include an example in your answer.
Rotation and Abduction

Answer 33

Rotation
- the swivelling of a joint / such as turning the head from side to side
- where a bone moves freely around in a curve / such as the arm at the shoulder.

Abduction
- the movement of a bone or limb away from the body / lifting the leg upwards and outwards sideways from the hip.

Question 34

What attaches muscle to bone? (1)

Answer 34

Tendon

Question 35

Name two body systems involved in providing energy for movement and physical activity. (2)

Answer 35

circulatory
respiratory
digestive

Question 36

What type of joint is found at the shoulder? (1)

Answer 36

Ball and socket/ Synovial/ Freely moveable

Question 37

Name two types of movement at the shoulder. (2)

Answer 37

• Flexion;
• Extension
• Abduction
• Adduction
• Circumduction
• Rotation

Question 38

What is the pulse? (1)

Answer 38

The beat/pump (a single contraction) of the heart.

Question 39

In which part of the body are the following muscle groups?
(i) pectorals
(ii) quadriceps

Answer 39

i) Chest/ torso/ trunk
ii) Thigh/ Upper leg

Question 40

Give three short-term effects of exercise. (3)

Answer 40

• skin goes red/ vasodilation;
• body temperature rises/ body gets hot;
• body starts to sweat/ sweating;
• dehydration/ thirsty/ nauseous/ faint;
• breathing rate increases/ breathless/ panting;
• O2 debt/ lactic acid build up;
• increased minute volume;
• increased tidal volume;
• increased gaseous exchange;
• heart beats faster/ heart rate increases;
• increased stroke volume;
• increased cardiac output;
• blood pressure rises/ increases;
• muscles tire;
• muscles ache/ pain;
• cramp;
• stitch.

Question 41

What is lactic acid? (1)

Answer 41

A waste product released into the blood stream as a result of energy breakdown/ a waste product of anaerobic respiration.

Question 42

How does lactic acid affect performance? (3)

Answer 42

It causes a reduction in the standard of performance (1 mark) such as:
• not as fast/ slow down;
• not as hard/ intense;
• not as long (time);
• not as far (distance).
Caused by:
• increasing the acidity in the muscle cells;
• reducing the contraction capability of muscles;
• causing pain;
• causing fatigue in muscles.

Question 43

Give one type of joint in the body. (1)

Answer 43

• ball and socket;
• hinge;
• synovial;
• freely moveable;
• fixed/immoveable.

Question 44

Name two muscles in the upper body. (2)

Answer 44

• biceps;
• triceps;
• pectorals;
• abdominals;
• intercostal;
• deltoids;
• trapezius;
• latissimum dorsi;
• heart/cardiac;
• bracialis.

Question 45

What is blood pressure? (2)

Answer 45

• Resistance in the cardio-vascular system (one mark) to the flow of blood round the body (one mark).
• force of the blood (one mark) passing through an artery (one mark)
• a measure of blood flow/ease at which blood flows around the body.
• a measure of the blood flow through an artery