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Introductory Microbiology > Chapter 1 – An Invisible World > Flashcards

Chapter 1 – An Invisible World Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define: Microorganisms/Microbes

A

Very small organisms, many types of microbes are to small to see without a microscope, although some parasites and fungi are visible to the naked eye.

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2
Q

What was Thucydides contribution to microbiology?

A

He observed that survivors of the Athenian plague were not re-infected—showing and understanding of immunity.

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3
Q

Marcus Terentius Varro proposed…

A

things we cannot see (microbes) can cause disease.

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4
Q

Accomplishment of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in microbiology

A

First to develop a lens powerful enough to view microbes (“animalcules”).

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5
Q

Accomplishments of Louis Pasteur in microbiology

A
  • fermentation caused by microbes
  • invented pasteurization
  • created a rabies vaccine
  • swan neck flask experiments disproving spontaneous generation theory
  • discovered enantiomers (mirror images of chiral molecules) via optical rotation experiments.
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6
Q

Accomplishments of Robert Koch in microbiology

A
  • identified the microbes that cause anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis.
  • developed solid media, Petri dish, steam sterilization
  • “Postulates” to confirm the infectious nature of diseases
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7
Q

Explain Robert Koch’s postulates

A

1) The same microbe are present in every case of the disease.
2) The microbes are isolated from the tissues of a dead animals, and a pure culture is prepared.
3) Microbes from the pure culture are inoculated into a healthy, susceptible animal. The disease is reproduced.
4) The identical microbes are isolated and recultivated form the tissue specimens of the experimental animal.

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8
Q

Define taxonomy

A

The classification, description, identification, and naming of living organisms.

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9
Q

Describe Linnaeus’s taxonomy

A

three kingdoms- animal, plant, and mineral (later abandoned mineral kingdom). In animal and plant kingdoms grouped organisms by kingdom, class, order, family, genus, and species.

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10
Q

Define Phylogenies

A

taxonomies that took into account the evolutionary relationships of all different species of organisms on earth. depicted by a phylogenetic tree (tree of life)

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11
Q

Who proposed the kingdom Protista for unicellular organisms?

A

Ernst Haeckel

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12
Q

Who proposed the kingdom of Monera for unicellular organisms whose cells lack nuclei?

A

Ernst Haeckel

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13
Q

Who proposed the fungi kingdom?

A

Robert Whittaker

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14
Q

Who categorized the kingdoms into super kingdoms (eukaryotes and prokaryotes)?

A

Robert Whittaker

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15
Q

Who organized the phylogenetic tree into domains(Bacteria, Achaea, Eukarya)?

A

Carl Woese and George Fox

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16
Q

What are the current domains of the phylogenetic tree?

A

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Eucaryotes

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17
Q

How were the modern domains of the phylogenetic tree categorized?

A

16S rRNA sequencing divided the organisms into domains all coming from a common ancestor.

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18
Q

Define binomial nomenclature

A

a two-word naming system for identifying organisms by genus and species

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19
Q

What is the proper format of binomial nomenclature?

A

(all italicized) Genus species

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20
Q

What is the range of light microscope?

A

greater than or equal to 100 nm

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21
Q

What is the range of an electron microscope?

A

0.5 nm - 1 um

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22
Q

What is the typical size of bacteria

A

~1-2 um

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23
Q

What is the typical size of yeast?

A

~3-4 um

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24
Q

What is the size range of viruses

A

~10 nm - 500 nm (very few that large)

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25
Q

What is the size range of a protein?

A

~5 nm - 10 nm

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26
Q

acellular

A

not composed of cells

27
Q

examples of acellular microbes

A

viruses, prions

28
Q

Bacteria

A

prokaryotic organisms that usually have peptidoglycan cell walls

29
Q

bacillus

A

rod-shaped

30
Q

Coccus

A

spherical

31
Q

coccobacillus

A

ovular

32
Q

vibro

A

curved rod

33
Q

spirillum

A

loose spiral

34
Q

spirochete

A

tight helical spiral

35
Q

Archaea

A

unicellular prokaryotes that live everywhere including extreme environments, do not contain a peptidoglycan cell wall , commonly have cell walls composed of pseudopeptidogylcan,

36
Q

list the types of eukaryotic organisms

A

protists, fungi, plant, animals

37
Q

Define protists

A

unicellular eukaryotes that are not plants animals or fungi (e.g. algae and protozoa.

38
Q

Algae

A

plant like protists that are unicellular or multicellular with cellulose cell wall, they are photosynthetic

39
Q

Protozoa

A
  • protists important in many food webs
  • can be parasites
  • can be photosynthetic
  • use cellular structures to move like pseudopod, flagella or cilia.
  • absorb or ingest organic chemicals
40
Q

Fungi

A
  • unicellular (yeast) or multicellular (ex. mushrooms, molds)
  • cell walls made of chitin
  • not photosynthetic
  • use organic chemicals for energy
41
Q

Helminths

A

parasitic worms with microscopic eggs and larva (e.g. tapeworms, guinea worms)

42
Q

Viruses

A
  • acellular microbes
  • contain proteins and genetic material (DNA or RNA not both)
  • require a host to replicate
  • core is surrounded by a protein coat
  • coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope.
43
Q

list beneficial used of microbes for humans

A

disease prevention, food (fermentation), pharmaceuticals, environment (nitrogen fixation), and agriculture

44
Q

how long have microbes been known to survive?

A

yeast- up to 45 million years

bacteria- up to 250 million years

45
Q

What cellular machinery does it take to build a gram negative bacterial cell?

A

Genomic DNA, Ribosomes, Peptidoglycan cell wall, RNA polymerase, DNA polymerase, Flagella, Cytoplasmic membrane, LPS membrane

46
Q

What is the function of the LPS membrane?

A

lipopolysaccharide membrane contributes to the structure of the cell and it also protects the cell from the outside environment.

47
Q

What is the function of Genomic DNA?

A

contains the genetic material of the organism which is required for the cell’s function and replication.

48
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A

Ribosomes synthesize proteins from mRNAs using tRNAs

49
Q

What is the function of the peptidoglycan cell wall?

A

provides significant structure to the cell.

50
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase?

A

synthesizes the different types of RNA from the genomic DNA.

51
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase?

A

synthesizes new DNA for cell replication form ht e existing genomic DNA.

52
Q

What is the function of the flagella?

A

tail-like structures that are used to move the cell in its environment.

53
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

is a selective permeability barrier and also provides some structure for the cell.

54
Q

What are viroids?

A

smallest particle able to replicate, made of short single stranded RNA with no capsid, causes disease in plants.

55
Q

Prions

A

misshapen proteins that cause neurodegenerative diseases by converting all of the healthy protein to the misshapen one creating holes in the brain.

56
Q

Bacterial Endospores

A

can only be made by some gram positive bacteria and is a response to stressor in the environment to ensure that the survival of the bacteria.

57
Q

Autotrophic bacteria

A

CO2 fixing bacteria

58
Q

Heterotrophic bacteria

A

need organic nutrient source

59
Q

Phototrophic bacteria

A

can use light as an energy source

60
Q

chemotrophic bacteria

A

performs chemical reactions to create energy (e.g. sulfur reducing bacteria)

61
Q

Normal human microbiota

A

the microbes present in and on healthy humans

  • prevents growth of pathogens
  • produce growth factors, folic acid and vitamin K
62
Q

Biofilms

A
  • microbes attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses

- will grow on rocks, pipes, teeth, and medical implants.

63
Q

Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)

A

new diseases and diseases increasing in incidence

Introductory Microbiology (5 decks)

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