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EXSS 256 > chapter 1: an introduction to the human body > Flashcards

chapter 1: an introduction to the human body Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis

A

the state of relative stability of the body’s internal environment

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2
Q

feedback systems

A

corrective cycles that help restore the conditions needed for health and life

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3
Q

anatomy

A

the science of body structures and the relationships among them

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4
Q

dissection

A

the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships

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5
Q

physiology

A

the science of body functions – how the body parts work

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6
Q

atoms

A

the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions

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7
Q

molecules

A

two or more atoms joined together

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8
Q

cells

A

the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals

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9
Q

tissues

A

groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function

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10
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands

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11
Q

connective tissue

A

connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues

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12
Q

muscular tissue

A

contracts to make body parts move and in the process generates heat

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13
Q

nervous tissue

A

carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses

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14
Q

organs

A

structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes

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15
Q

system

A

consists of related organs with a common function

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16
Q

organism

A

any living individual

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17
Q

noninvasive diagnostic technique

A

a technique that does not involve insertion of an instrument or device through the skin or a body opening

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18
Q

inspection

A

the examiner observes the body for any changes that deviate from normal

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19
Q

palpation

A

the examiner feels body surfaces with the hands

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20
Q

auscultation

A

the examiner listens to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs, often using a stethoscope to amplify the sounds

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21
Q

percussion

A

the examiner taps on the body surface with the fingertips and listens to the resulting sound

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22
Q

metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body

23
Q

catabolism

A

the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

24
Q

anabolism

A

the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

25
Q

responsiveness

A

the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes

26
Q

movement

A

motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and tiny structures inside cells

27
Q

growth

A

an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both

28
Q

differentiation

A

the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state

29
Q

stem cells

A

precursor cells that can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation

30
Q

reproduction

A

the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement; the production of a new individual

31
Q

autopsy

A

a postmortem examination of the body and dissection of its internal organs to confirm or determine the cause of death

32
Q

homeostasis

A

the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment

33
Q

body fluids

A

dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them

34
Q

intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

the fluid within cells

35
Q

extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

the fluid outside body cells

36
Q

interstitial fluid

A

the ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues

37
Q

feedback system

A

a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on

38
Q

controlled condition

A

a monitored variable

39
Q

stimulus

A

any disruption that changes a controlled condition

40
Q

receptor

A

a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center

41
Q

afferent pathway

A

a pathway in which information flows toward the control center

42
Q

control center

A

sets the narrow range or set point within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed

43
Q

efferent pathway

A

a pathway in which the information flows away from the control center

44
Q

effector

A

a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition

45
Q

negative feedback system

A

reverses a change in a controlled condition

46
Q

positive feedback system

A

strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions

47
Q

disorder

A

any abnormality of structure or function

48
Q

disease

A

an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms

49
Q

symptoms

A

subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer

50
Q

signs

A

objective changes that a health care professional can observe or measure

51
Q

epidemiology

A

the science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted among individuals in a community

52
Q

pharmacology

A

the science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease

53
Q

diagnosis

A

the science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another

54
Q

anatomical position

A

a universal position in which the subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing directly forward; the lower limbs are parallel and the feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the upper limbs are at the sides with the palms turned forward

EXSS 256 (1 decks)

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