Chapter 1: An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
What does anatomy describe?
Anatomy describes the structure of the body.
- What they are made of
- Where they are located
- Associated structures
Physiology is the study of?
Physiology is the study of
- Functions of anatomical structures
- Individual and cooperative functions
Differentiate between gross and microscopic anatomy.
Gross anatomy examines large, visible structures while microscopic anatomy examines cells and molecules.
What are the six different types of gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy, and what do they do?
- Surface Anatomy: exterior features
- Regional Anatomy: body areas
- Sectional Anatomy: cross sections
- Systemic Anatomy: organ systems
- Clinical Anatomy: medical specialties
- Developmental Anatomy: from conception to adulthood, including embryology
What is the difference between cytology and histology?
Cytology is the study of cells while histology is the study of tissue.
What are the four types of human physiology and what are their functions?
- Cell Physiology: functions of cells
- Organ Physiology: functions of specific organs
- Systemic Physiology: functions of organ systems
- Pathological Physiology: effects of diseases on organs or systems
List the levels of organization in the human body from the smallest to the largest.
- Chemical Level
- Cellular Level
- Tissue Level
- Organ Level
- Organ System Level
- Organism Level
Identify the major organs and functions of the integumentary system.
The major organs are skin, hair, sweat glands, and nails.
The functions are to protect against environmental hazards, help regulate body temperature, and provide sensory information.
Identify the major organs and functions of the skeletal system.
The major organs are bones, cartilages, associated ligaments, and bone marrow.
The functions are provide support and protection for other tissues, store calcium and other minerals, and form blood cells.
Identify the major organ and functions of the muscular system.
The major organs is skeletal muscles and associated tendons.
The functions are provide movement, provide protection and support for other tissues, and generate heat that maintains body temperature.
Identify the major organs and functions of the nervous system.
The major organs are the brain and spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and sense organs.
The functions are direct immediate responses to stimuli, coordinate or moderate other organs systems, provide and interpret sensory information.
Identify the major organs and functions of the endocrine system.
The major organs are pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands, pancreas and gonads, and endocrine tissues in other systems.
The functions are to direct long term change in other organs systems, adjust metabolic activity and energy use, and control many structural and functional changes during development.
Identify the major organs and functions of the cardiovascular system.
The major organs are the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
The functions are distribute blood cells, water, nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, distribute heat to control body temperature.
Identify the major organs and functions of the lymphatic system.
The major organs are the spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and tonsils.
The functions are to defend against infection and disease and return tissue fluids to the bloodstream.
Identify the major organs and functions of the respiratory system.
The major organs are the nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and alveoli.
The functions are to deliver air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occur), provide oxygen to the bloodstream, remove carbon dioxide from the bloodstream, and produce sounds for communication.
Identify the major organs and functions of the digestive system.
The major organs are teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
The functions are to process and digest food, absorb and conserve water, absorb nutrients, and store energy reserves.
Identify the major organs ams functions of the urinary system.
The major organs are the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
The functions are to excrete waste products from the blood, control water balance by regulating volume of urine produced, store urine prior to voluntary elimination, and regulate blood ion concentrations and pH.
Identify the major organs and functions of the male reproductive system.
The major organs are the testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, and scrotum.
The functions are to produce male sex cells (sperm), seminal fluids, and hormones, and sexual intercourse.
Identify the major organs and functions of the female reproductive system.
The major organs are the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, and mammary glands.
The functions are to produce female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones, support developing embryo from conception to delivery, provide milk to nourish newborn infants, and sexual intercourse.
