Chapter 1: Ado. Development in Today's World Flashcards
What is ADOLESCENCE?
the period of the life course between the time puberty begins and the time adult status, roles, and responsibilities within a culture are undertaken (ages 10-18, roughly)
What is CULTURE?
the total pattern of a group’s customs, beliefs, art, and technology; a group’s common way of life, passed on to one generation from the next
There are an estimated _____________ adolescents in the world today, not evenly distributed, and not coming of age with similar access to resources.
1.2 billion
What are DEVELOPED COUNTRIES?
the most affluent countries. most economically developed, highest median levels of income (Canada, US, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, Costa Rica, all of Europe)
What are DEVELOPING COUNTRIES?
less wealth, but experiencing rapid economic growth as they join the globalized economy
How does the demographic divide of developed/developing countries influence adolescent lives?
access to health care, technology, education
50% of adolescents in developed countries go to post-secondary school; post-secondary is only for the wealthy elite in developing countries
What is the nature of the rural and urban divide in developing countries?
sharp; in urban areas, adolescents live with families with higher income, receive more education and healthcare, and tend to align more with adolescents in developed countries
What are INDIVIDUALISTIC VALUES?
cultural values such as independence and self-expression; associated with developed countries
What are COLLECTIVISTIC VALUES?
cultural values like obedience and group harmony; associated with developing countries
What are TRADITIONAL CULTURES?
people in the rural areas of developing countries, who tend to adhere more closely to the historical traditions of their culture than people in urban areas; tends to be more collectivistic bc close ties are an economic necessity
What is GLOBALIZATION?
increasing worldwide technological and economic integration, which is making different parts of the world increasingly connected and similar culturally; the world is becoming “smaller,” more homogenous
What is a consequence of globalization for adolescents?
experiencing increasingly similar environments; this group, and emerging adults, are more capable than young children of seeking out information
What is BICULTURAL?
having an identity that includes aspects of two different cultures
one identity is rooted in local culture
one identity functions in the global culture, typically through online activities
What is the MAJORITY CULTURE?
within a country, the cultural group that sets most of the norms and standard, holds most of the positions of political, economic, intellectual, and media power
What is CONTEXT, in the field of adolescent development?
settings that contribute to variation in pathways of adolescent development, including family, peer groups, school, work, media, civic institutions, and religious institutions
What are 3 key contexts to consider when studying adolescent development?
Socioeconomic status (SES)
Gender
Ethnicity
How does SES impact adolescents?
SES is typically used in reference to their parents’ statuses
educational attainment is influences, as is age of first sexual intercourse, and risk of delinquency
differences are sharp in developing countries, but still relevant in developed countries
How does gender influence adolescent development?
cultural expectations are different from the time a child is born depending on their gender
differences vary by culture
How does ethnicity affect adolescent development?
ethnic minorities may have distinct cultural patterns different from the majority
minorities tend to have values that are less individualistic
What were Plato’s views in the 4th century regarding the adolescent stage of life?
this is when the capacity for reason first develops, where serious education should begin
childhood education should be focused on sports and music (ages 7-14)
What were Aristotle’s views on adolescence in the 5th century?
rational choices, not simply ruled by the drive for pleasure, began in adolescence, though it may take the course of the entire life stage to fully develop
initially, impulses remain in charge and may even be more problematic due to sexual desires
What was the Children’s Crusade?
1212
young teens and university students set out to walk to the Holy Land and appeal to Muslims, asking for permission to visit the holy sites - disastrous
the fact that this crusade was undertaken at all suggests that people viewed adolescence as a time of innocence, and innocence possessed a special value
What is LIFE CYLCE SERVICE?
a period in their late teens and early 20s in which young people in the 16th-19th centuries engaged in domestic or farm service, or apprenticeships in various trades and crafts
What are some features of life-cycle service?
youths moved out of family homes into that of a “master” for around 7 years
women were less likely to participate, but many still did
faded around 18th-19th centuries as youths moved to growing cities
What were some stereotypes of youths living in cities during the 19th century?
regarded as a social problem due to crime rates, premarital sex, and alcohol use
leads to the development of institutions of social control like the YM/YWCA, religious associations, and literary societies
Why was the period of 1890-1920 known as the “Age of Adolescence”?
when the term “adolescence” becomes widely used
a crucial period for establishing the characteristics of modern adolescence
What were 3 key changes that occurred for youths during the Age of Adolescence?
- Enactment of laws restricting child labor
- New requirements for children to attend secondary school
- Development of the field of adolescence as an area of scholarly study
What was the impact of the Industrial Revolution on adolescents, and how did this change over time?
teens and preteens were in high demand for cheap, unregulated labor in mines and factories
concern began to arise for children being exploited and harmed by this work
passing of laws to protect children from adult labor also brought about laws extending the period of schooling
What were the contributions of G. Stanley Hall to the field of adolescent study?
wrote the first textbook in 1904
many observations have been verified by further research, including: biological development during puberty; depressed mood peaks in the mid-teens; adolescence is a time of heightened responsiveness to peers
What is RECAPITULATION?
now-discredited theory by G. Stanley Hall that held that the development of each individual recapitulates the evolutionary development of the species as a whole
the stage of adolescence reflected a stage in human evolution where there was a great deal of upheaval and disorder
What is STORM AND STRESS?
related to Hall’s theory of recapitulation, the period of mood disruptions, conflict with parents, and antisocial behaviour that characterized his view of adolescents
What were LAMARCKIAN EVOLUTIONARY IDEAS?
now-discredited ideas that evolution takes place as a result of accumulated experience such that organisms pass on their characteristics from one generation to the next in the form of memories and acquired characteristics
What do critics and recent research demonstrate about “Storm and Stress” theory?
Margaret Mead (anthropologist) described traditional cultures in which adolescence with neither stormy nor stressful
current research shows this theory is not valid for most adolescents: most like and respect parents; most mood disruptions do not require psychological treatment; most teens do not engage in risky behaviour on a regular basis
What was a key factor of change for adolescent development in the 20th century?
The expansion of school and schooling levels
in 1940, 49% of American youths were graduating from HS, up from 30% in 1930
What was the impact of the expansion of high schools, boarding schools and extra curricular organizations?
by the 1920s, most adolescents were spending more waking hours with peers than family
What was a key feature of adolescent life in the 1960s?
quickly rising numbers of adolescents and emerging adults, upsurge of youth culture and youth problems like premarital pregnancy and juvenile delinquency
What was a key feature of adolescent life in the 1980s and 1990s?
in the Western world, the peak adolescent period of the baby-boom generation passed and adolescent population declines, as do rates of delinquency and teen pregnancy
What has been a key feature of adolescent life in the 21st century?
transition into adulthood independence in Western culture has been delayed due to complex social and psychological factors
decline in high school dropout rates and teen births
What is the distribution and features of adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa?
20% of the world’s adolescent pop.
high incidence of poverty
lowest rankings on every measure of living standards
tradition of large, strong, supportive family relationships
high birth rate; adolescents typically have many siblings that they participate in caring for
What is the distribution and features of adolescents in North African and the Middle East?
6% of the world’s adolescent pop.
PATRIARCHAL AUTHORITY: absolute authority of father over wife and children
significant difference in treatment of and opportunities for females
What is the distribution and features of adolescents in Asia?
25% of the world’s adolescent pop.
FILIAL PIETY: children are obligated to respect, obey, and revere their parents, especially fathers
children, esp. oldest sons, have responsibility to care for aging parents
strong evidence on education
traditional cultures in rural areas with large responsibilities at a young age
What is the distribution and features of adolescents in India and South Asia?
28% of the world’s adolescent pop.
cultural tradition is based in Hinduism, also has the 3rd largest Muslim pop. in the world
access to education is far greater in urban areas for both boys and girls
widespread child and adolescent labor
warm and strong family relations
this region is projected to see the fastest economic growth of all other countries and may lead the world in economic production by 2050
What is the distribution and features of adolescents in Latin America?
9% of the world’s adolescent pop.
2 key issues for 21st century young people are: political stability and economic growth
high rates of youth unemployment (25%)
What is the distribution and features of adolescents in the West?
12% of the world’s adolescent pop.
more of a cultural grouping than a regional one
access to secondary and post-secondary education > majority stay in school till early 20s
most time outside of school is spent in leisure with friends
Why did the age range for adolescence shift to starting and ending earlier in the 20th century?
the median age of onset of a girl’s menstrual period (MENARCHE) declined from ~ 15 years to ~ 12.5 years in Western countries
change of the end age (18 years) may have been inspired by the natural end of the secondary schooling period
What are the 3 stages of adolescence and slightly beyond?
- Early adolescence: ages 10-14
- Late adolescence: ages 15-18
- Emerging adulthood: ages 18-25
What are the 5 distinctive features of emerging adulthood?
- Identity explorations
- Instability
- Self-Focus
- Feeling In-Between
- Possibilities/Optimism
Describe IDENTITY EXPLORATIONS in emerging adulthood.
people explore various possibilities in love and work, moving toward enduring choices
develop a more definite identity, understanding of who they are, capabilities and limitations, beliefs and values
Describe INSTABILITY in emerging adulthood.
frequent changes in major areas of life such as relationships, workplace, and residence
rates of residential change in American society are highest during 18-25 years
Describe SELF-FOCUS in emerging adulthood.
more independent lifestyle
developing knowledge, skills, and self-understanding needed for adult life
the goal of self-focus is not selfishness, but to stand alone as self-sufficient people < should not be a permanent state
Describe FEELING IN-BETWEEN in emerging adulthood.
no longer an adolescent, but not fully adult
subjective feeling of being in a transitional phase
Describe POSSIBILITIES AND OPTIMISM in emerging adulthood.
many different futures are possible
high hopes; few dreams have been tested by the fires of real life
people have typically left their families of origin but have not yet committed to a new network of relationships and obligations
What is the nature of emerging adulthood across cultures?
cultures vary in the ages that young people are expected to enter full adulthood
emerging adolescence only exists in cultures where people are allowed to postpone adult roles into their mid-20s; mainly developed countries
How can TRANSITION TO ADULTHOOD be defined (2 ways)?
- legal transition to adulthood at 18 years (able to vote, sign binding legal documents)
- entering roles typically considered part of adulthood: full time work, marriage, parenthood
What do young people generally identify as the most important markers of transition to adulthood?
- Accepting responsibility for oneself
- Making independent decisions
- Becoming financially independent
^^ individualistic values
What typically marks transition to adulthood in traditional cultures?
Marriage.
This is not considered valuable in contemporary surveys of young adults.
Why is marriage considered important for adulthood in traditional cultures more than non?
INTERDEPENDENCE: the web of commitments, attachments, and obligations that exist in traditional groups
marriage is a social event and represents the establishment of a new network
REVIEW THE CONCEPT OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD IN THE REALM OF ADOLESCENT STUDIES
What are some of the typical research measurement tools used within the field of adolescent development?
Questionnaires (closed question format)
Surveys
Interviews
Observations
Biological measurements
What is EXPERIMENTAL INTERVENTION?
program intended to change the attitudes and/or behaviour of participants
high degree of control for researcher
possibility of participants’ behaviour being altered through external manipulation, and possibly hard to generalize
What is a NATURAL EXPERIMENT?
a situation that occurs naturally, but provides interesting scientific information to the obeserver
EX: Adoption studies and twin studies
What is ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH?
involves spending extensive time among the people being studied; information is gathered through observations, informal conversations, and interviews
What is an ETHNOGRAPHY?
a book that presents an anthropologist’s observations of what life is like in a particular culture
EX: Margaret Mead and the Samoans
What are the 2 main types of research designs to explore developmental change?
- Cross-sectional > multiple age groups are studied at one time
- Longitudinal > one group is followed over time
What are the common biases that exist in adolescent research?
- Gender Bias > make research equitable for both males and females
- Ethnic and Cultural Bias > include subjects from different backgrounds
- Observer Bias > researchers may have a preconceived idea of what they will find as they collect data OR participants being observed change bc of observation
