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ARDMS- Abdomen (Penny) > Chapter 1 - abdominal sonography > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - abdominal sonography Flashcards

1
Q

Normal echogencity of the abdominal organs from greatest (Brightest) to least (darkest) as follows

A

renal sinus –> pancreas –> spleen –> liver –> renal core –> renal pyramids –> gallbladder

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2
Q

without echoes
example : gallbladder ; simple renal cyst

A

anechoic

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3
Q

having both cystic and solid components
ex : hemorrhagic cyst ; hepatic access

A

complex

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4
Q

structure that produces echoes
ex: fatty liver ; chronic renal disease

A

echogenic

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5
Q

of differing composition
ex: graves disease ; diffuse liver metastasis

A

heterogeneous

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6
Q

of uniform composition
ex: normal liver ; normal testicle

A

homogenous

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7
Q

having many echoes
ex: cavernous hemangioma ; angiomyolipoma

A

hyperechoic

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8
Q

having few echoes
ex: hepatic adenoma ; thyroid adenoma

A

hypoechoic

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9
Q

having the same echogeniciy
ex: jocular nodular hyperplasia

A

isoechoic

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10
Q

demonstrate smooth walls and are round in shape

A

star criteria

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11
Q

patients who have some form of itis or infection will have an increased

A

white blood cell count

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12
Q

_____ organs release hormones into the blood stream, where as _____ organs use ducts.

A

Endocrine
Exocrine

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13
Q

occurs when the sound beam strikes a structure in a no perpendicular manner resulting in a loss of the true echogenicity of the structure
ex ; tendons

A

Anistrophy

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14
Q

a type of reverberation caused by several small highly reflective interfaces ; ex seen with adenomyomatosis of the GB

A

Comet tail

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15
Q

caused by air or bowel gas – ex most often seen emanating from bowel may be seen posterior to gas within an abscess – dirty shadow most often emanating from bowel, clean shadow most often emanating from gallstone

A

Dirty shadowing

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16
Q

reflective or refractive effect seen deep to the margins of a round structure that have a significantly different speed of sound compared to surrounding tissue, may be termed as refractive shadowing – exc often seen arising rom cystic structures and appears as narrow shadow lines originating at the edge of these structures

A

Edge shadowing

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17
Q

produced by a strong specular reflector and results in a copy of the anatomy being placed deeper than the correct location – ex seen posterior to the liver and diaphragm

A

Mirror image

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18
Q

produced when the sound beam is barely attenuated through a fluid or fluid filled structure ; ex seen posterior to fluid-filled structures as the GB and renal cysts and ascites

A

posterior acoustic enhancement or through transmission

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19
Q

– caused by the bending of the ultrasound beam when it passes through an interface between two tissues with vastly dissimilar speeds of sound and the angle of the approach is not perpendicular – ex seen when imaging rectus muscles of abdominal wall

A

refraction

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20
Q

caused by a large acoustic interface and subsequent production of false echoes – ex seen as an echogenic region in the anterior aspect of the GB or other fluid filled structures

A

reverberation

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21
Q

artifact that appears as a solid streak or a chain of parallel bands radiating away from a structure ; ex deen emanating from gas bubble within the abdomen ex can help in case of pnuembilia

A

ring down

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22
Q

caused by attenuation of the sound beam ; ex seen posterior to bone and calculi like gallstones and renal stones

A

shadowing

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23
Q

caused by sound beams that are peripheral to the main sound beam – ex ; seen as low level echoes with flud, mimicking sludge , debris or pus within a fluid-filled structure like GB

A

side lobes

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24
Q

caused by compression from 3D to 2D images – ex – can stimulate false echoes that could resemble sludge or debris in the urinary bladder or gallbladder

A

slice thickness

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25
Q

occurs behind strong granular and irregular surfaces like crystals , calculi or calcifications ex can be seen and useful at identifying a small kidney or biliary stone

A

twinkle artifact

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26
Q

Supplies the body with oxygen, nutrients, hormones and WBCS and removes waste and toxins by pumping and transferring blood
ex:
arteries. and arterioles
capillaries
heart
veins and venules

A

Cardiovascular

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27
Q

Provides metabolism, nutrient uptake, energy storage and the extortion of waste
Accessory digestive organs : Liver, GB, Pancreas
Esophagus, mouth, small and large bowel , stomach

A

Digestive

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28
Q

Secretes hormones or juices through ducts
ex :
breast
pancreas
salivary glands (parotid glands, submandibular glands, and sublingual glands)
liver

A

EXOCRINE

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29
Q

Secretion of hormones into the blood to control many different body functions. The hypothalamus in the brain controls the pituitary glands secretion of various hormones which in turn controls the secretion of hormones by endocrine organs or glands
ex: ALOPPPPTT
adrenal glands
liver
ovaries
pancreas
parathyroid glands
pineal gland
pituatirary gland (anterior and posterior)
testicles
thyroid gland

A

ENDOCRINE

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30
Q

Collection and transportation of excess fluid, absorption of fats (which are eventually sent to the liver) and immune response
ex: A BOY LEFT SCHOOL TOGO TOUR
adenoids
bone marrow
lymph node
spleen
thymus gland
tonsils

A

Lymphatic

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31
Q

provides the structural support system for the body
ex:
cartilage
connective tissue
joints
ligaments
muscles
tendons

A

MSK

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32
Q

controls almost every organ system and structure in the body
ex: brain
spinal cord
nerves

A

Nervous

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33
Q

Supplies the body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the blood
ex: bronchus
larynx
lungs
nasal cavity
pharnyx
trachea

A

Respiratory

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34
Q

Produces new life
ex: Male - epipydmyis, prostate gland, scrotum , testes, vas deferens
Female - Fallopian tubes , ovaries, uterus, vagina

A

Reproductive

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35
Q

Maintain chemical and water balance, regulate blood pressure and filter waste products from the blood
ex: kidneys
ureters
urethra
urinary bladder

A

Urinary

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36
Q

Intraperitoneal organs (GLOSS)

A

Gallblader
Liver
Ovaries
Spleen
stomach

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37
Q

Retroperitoneal organs (AAAADIKPPUUU)

A

adrenal glands
abdominal lymph nodes
aorta
ascending colon
descending colon
IVC
kidneys
pancreas
prostate gland
ureters
uterus
urinary bladder

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38
Q

Inferior to the diaphgram
divides into Rt & Left

A

Subherenic spaces

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39
Q

Divides into right anterior & posterior and left.
Right is located between Rt lobe of liver and right kidney
posterior subhepatic space also referred to as Morrisons pouch

A

Subhepatic spaces

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40
Q

Between pubic bone and urinary bladder also referred to as space of Retzius

A

Retropubic space

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41
Q

between stomach and pancreas, common location for pancreatic psudeocysts

A

Lesser sac

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42
Q

extend alongside the ascending and descending colon on both of the abdomen

A

Paracolic gutters

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43
Q

Male : between urinary bladder and rectum (rectovesical pouch)
Female : between uterus and rectum (Pouch of Douglas, rectouterine pouch)

A

Posterior-cul-de-sac

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44
Q

Between urinary bladder and uterus, also called vescouterine pouch in females

A

anterior-cul-de-sac

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45
Q

Pathologies Associated with Ascites

A

Acute cholecystitis
Cirrhosis
Congestive heart failure
ectopic pregnancy
malignancy
portal hypertension
reputure of abdominal aortic anyersum

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46
Q

tumor of glandular organ
location - most organs
Benign

A

Adenoma

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47
Q

Tumor containing adrenal tissue
location - testicle
benign

A

Adrenal rest tumor

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48
Q

Tumor of blood vessels , muscle and fat
Location – kidney
Benign

A

Angiomyolipoma

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49
Q

abnormal accumulation of cells within a focal region of an organ
Location – liver
Benign

A

Focular nodular hyperplasia

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50
Q

tumor consisting of a group of inclammtory cells
Location – liver and spleen
benign

A

Granuloma

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51
Q

Tumor that secretes gastrin
Location – pancreas
benign

A

Gastrinoma

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52
Q

tumor consisting of an overgrowth of normal cells of an organ
Location – kidney
benign

A

Hamartoma

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53
Q

tumor consisting of blood vessels
Location – liver, spleen and kidney
benign

A

Hemangioma

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54
Q

Localized collection of blood
location - a anywhere an organ/tissue is affected by trauma
benign

A

Hematoma

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55
Q

Tumor that secretes insulin
location - pancreas
benign

A

Insulinoma

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56
Q

tumor that consists of fat
location - liver spleen kidney and superficial
benign

A

lipoma

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57
Q

tumor consisting of onocytes
location - kidney
benign

A

Oncocytoma

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58
Q

tumro consisting of chromaffin cells of adrenal gland
location - adrenal gland
benign

A

phecromocytoma

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59
Q

tumors that consist of three germ cell layers
location - testicle/ovary
benign

60
Q

localized collection of urine
location - adjacent to kidney transplant
benign

61
Q

cancer of glandular origin
location - pancreas and GI tract
malignant

A

adenocarcinoma

62
Q

cancer in the lining of vessels (lymphatic or vascular)
location - spleen
malignant

A

angiosarcoma

63
Q

cancer that consists of trophoblastic cells
location - testicle
malignant

A

choriocarcinoma

64
Q

cancer of the bile ducts
Location : biliary Tree
malignant

A

cholangiocarcinoma

65
Q

cancer that is fundamentally adenocarcinoma with cystic components
Location : Pancreas
malignant

A

cystadenocarcinoma

66
Q

cancer that is germ cell origin
Location : Testicle
malignant

A

embryonal cell carcinoma

67
Q

cancer of aggressive abnormal epithelial cells
Location : thyroid
malignant

A

follicular carcinoma

68
Q

cancer that originates the hepatocytes
Location : liver
malignant

A

hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatoma)

69
Q

cancer that originates in the tubules of the kidney
Location : Kidney
malignant

A

hypernephroma (renal cell carcinoma)

70
Q

cancer of the blood cells
Location : spleen, liver and testicle
MALIGNANT

71
Q

cancer of the lympathic system
Location: spleen kidney and testicle
malignant

72
Q

cancer originating from the parafollicular cells of the thyroid
Location : thyroid
malignant

A

medullary carcinoma

73
Q

cancer that has formation of many irregular fingerlike projection
Location : thyroid
malignant

A

papillary carcinoma

74
Q

cancer that originates in the seminiferous tubules
Location : Testicle
malignant

75
Q

– cancer that orginates in the transitional epeitehilum of an organ or struct
Location : bladder, urerter ; kidney
malignant

A

transitional cell carcinoma

76
Q

cancer that is of germ cell orgin
Location : testicle
malignant

A

yolk sac tumor

77
Q

pediatric malignant liver tumor

A

hepatoblastoma

78
Q

pediatric malignant kidney tumor

A

nephroblastoma (WILMS TUMOR)

79
Q

pediatric adrenal gland malignant tumor

A

neuroblastoma

80
Q

tumor marker for
liver
ovarian and testicular cancers

81
Q

breast tumor marker

82
Q

tumor marker for
pancreatic
billiary tract
stomach
colon

83
Q

ovarian tumor marker

84
Q

medullary thyroid cancer tumor marker

A

calcitonin

85
Q

testicular cancer and germ cell tumor marker

86
Q

testicular ovarian and other germ cell tumors

87
Q

inherited condition that causes cysts in multiple organs usually seen in adults later in life.
Location : kidneys, liver, spleen and pancreas

88
Q

inherited condition that causes cysts in the kidneys, renal failure and hepatic fibrosis, usually discovered in utero or in new borns
Location : kidneys and liver

89
Q

virus that attacks the immune system
Location : liver, spleen, lymph nodes and skin tumors (karposi sarcoma)

A

HIV & AIDS

90
Q

growth disorder that causes enlargement of many organs and structures ; increased risk for kidney and cancer in children
Location : skull, abdominal visceromegaly, and tongue (macroglossia

A

Beckwidth Weidemann syndrome

91
Q

narrowing or occlusion of the hepatic veins and IVC
Location : liver and IVC

A

Budd-Chiari

92
Q

results from high levels of aldosterone can be caused by adrenal adenoma
Location : adrenal glands

A

Conn syndrome

93
Q

autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the GI
Location : GI tract

A

Chrohns disease

94
Q

results from high levels of vortisol can be caused ny adrenal adenoma
Location : adrenal glands

A

Cushing syndrome

95
Q

caused by hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin
Type 1 – early onset (juvenile or young adult)
Type 2 – Adult onset
Location : multiple organs include ; eyes extremities, kidneys nerves and vasculature

96
Q

rare complication of PID causing inflammation around tissue of liver
Location : liver

A

Fitz Hugh Curtis syndrome

97
Q

associatd with hyperthyroidism
Location thyroid

A

Graves disease

98
Q

associated with hypothyroidism
Location: thyroid

A

Hashimoto disease

99
Q

genetic condition in which a male has an extra X chromosome
Location : testicle and male breast

A

Klinefelter syndrome

100
Q

disorder of the connective tissue
Location : heart, vasculature structures and skeleton

A

Marfan syndrome

101
Q

jaundice pain, and fever associated with a stone lodged in the cystic duct
Location : liver, GB and biliary tract

A

Mirizzi syndrome

102
Q

– damaged filtration of kidney causes excessive protein in the urine (proteinuria)
Location : kidneys, swlling of feet and ankles

A

Nephrotic syndrome

103
Q

infllammtory disease that results in scar tissue development in multiple organs
Location : liver, spleen, kidneys, testicles , lymphatics and lungs

A

Sarcoidosiss

104
Q

rare genetic disorder that leads to development of tumros within various organs
Location : lungs, lymphatics and testicles

A

Tuberculosis

105
Q

rare genetic disorder that leads to development of tumors within various organs
Location – brain, heart and kidneys (angiomyolipoma)

A

Tuberous sclerosis

106
Q

rare genetic disorder characterized by cysts and tumors in various organs
Location : pancreas, kidneys and adrenal glands

A

Von-hippel-lindau disease

107
Q

tumor (gatsrinoma_ in the pancreas of intestine that causes an increase in the roduction of gastrin
Location : prancreas and stomach ( produces excessive

A

Zollinger - Ellison syndrome

108
Q
  1. Transitional cell carcinoma is commonly found in all of the following locations except
    a. Liver
    b. Renal pelvis
    c. Urinary bladder
    d. Ureter
109
Q
  1. A patient with cholecystis most likely has an elevation in which of the following labs
    a. Afp
    b. Wbc count
    c. Lactate dehydrogenase
    d. Chromaffin
110
Q
  1. The neuroblastoma is a malignant pediatric mass commonly found in the
    a. Kidney
    b. Liver
    c. Testicle
    d. Adrenal gland
111
Q
  1. What is a substance produced by a cancerous tumor or an organ or structure in response to cancer
    a. Onocyte
    b. Tumor marker
    c. Lymphadenopathy
    d. Homestatin
112
Q
  1. The pheochromocytoma is a benign mass commonly located in the
    a. Testicle
    b. Thyroid gland
    c. Adrenal gland
    d. Liver
113
Q
  1. A tumor that is of similar echotexture to normal liver tissue is discovered in the liver of an aysymptomatic patient. What is the echogenicity of the tumor
    a. Echogenic
    b. Hypoechoic
    c. Isoechoic
    d. Hypodense
114
Q
  1. Which of the following is not considered to be an intraperitoneal organ
    a. Liver
    b. Pancreas
    c. Gallbladder
    d. Spleen
115
Q
  1. Which of the following are not considered retroperitoneal organs
    a. Abdominal lymph nodes
    b. Adrenal glands
    c. Kidneys
    d. Ovaries
116
Q
  1. What is another name for Morrison pouch
    A. posterior right subhepatic space
    B. Posterior cul-de-sac
    C. Anterior subhepatic space
    D. Anterior cul de sac
117
Q
  1. The hypernephroma may also be referred to as the
    A. Nephroblastoma
    B. Neuroblastoma
    C. Hepatocellular carcinoma
    D. Renal cell carcinoma
118
Q
  1. A type of reverberation artifact caused by several small, highly reflective interfaces such as gas bubble describes
    a. Mirror image
    b. Posterior shadowing
    c. Comet tail artifact
    d. Ring-down artifact
119
Q
  1. The term choloangiocarcinoma denotes
    a. Bile duct carcinoma
    b. Hepatic carcinoma
    c. Pancreatic carcinoma
    d. Splenic carcinoma
120
Q
  1. Which of the following occurs when the doppler sampling rate (PRF) is not high enough to display the doppler frequency shift
    a. Doppler noise
    b. Aliasing
    c. Mirror image
    d. Twinkle artifact
121
Q
  1. The hepatoma is a
    a. Benign tumor of the spleen
    b. Benign tumor of the liver
    c. Malignant tumor of the panvrea
    d. Malignat tumor of the liver
122
Q
  1. The hepatoblastoma is a
    A. Benign tumor of the pediatric liver
    B. Malignant tumor of the adult liver
    C. Malignant tumor of the pediatric liver
    D. Malignant tumor of the pediatric adrenal gland
123
Q
  1. Which of the fllowing is the space located between the pancreas and the stomach
    A. Morrison’s pouch
    B. Lesser sac
    C. Space of retzius
    D. Pouch of douglas
124
Q
  1. Which of the following is another name for the wilms tumor
    a. Nephroblastoma
    b. Hepatoblastoma
    c. Neuroblastoma
    d. Hepatoma
125
Q
  1. An angiosarcoma would most likely be discovered in the
    a. Rectum
    b. Gallbladder
    c. Spleen
    d. Pancreas
126
Q
  1. Which of the following is not an endocrine organ or structure
    a. Thymus
    b. Pancreas
    c. Thyroid
    d. Spleen
127
Q
  1. Which of the following is an artifact that alters the echogenicity of a tendon
    a. Acoustic enhancement
    b. Anistrophy
    c. Ring down artifact
    d. Mirror image artifact
128
Q
  1. The gastrinoma would most likely be discovered in the
    a. Pancreas
    b. Adrenal gland
    c. Stomach
    d. Spleen
129
Q
  1. Of the list below which is considered to be an intraperitoneal organ
    a. Left kidney
    b. Aorta
    c. IVC
    d. Liver
130
Q
  1. Which of the following is considered to be a malignant testicular neoplasm
    a. Neuroblastoma
    b. Hepatoma
    c. Yolk sac tumor
    d. Hamartoma
131
Q
  1. Which of the following is caused by the bending of the ultrasound beam when it passes through an interface between two tissues with vastly dissimilar speeds of sound and the angle of the approach is not perpedincular
    a. Comet tail
    b. Refraction
    c. Reverberation
    d. Acoustic enhancement
132
Q
  1. These potential spaces extend alongside the ascending and descending colon on both sides of the abdomen
    a. Parcolic gutters
    b. Periumbilical gutters
    c. Greater gutters
    d. Pericentric gutters
133
Q
  1. This common tumor of the kidney , contains blood. Vessels , muscle and fat
    a. Hemangioma
    b. Angiomyolipoma
    c. Oncocytoma
    d. Lipoma
134
Q
  1. Which of the following is not a salivary gland
    a. Thyroid gland
    b. Parotid gland
    c. Submandibular glanf
    d. Sublingual land
135
Q
  1. Which of the following is not a pediatric malignant tumor
    a. Hepatoblastoma
    b. Neuroblastoma
    c. Pheochromocytoma
    d. Nephroblastoma
136
Q
  1. A tumor that consists of tissue from all three germ cell layers is the
    a. Pheochromocytoma
    b. Hamartoma
    c. Adrenal rest tumor
    d. Teratoma
137
Q
  1. Which of the following lab values would be most hekpful in evaluating a patient who had suffered from recent trauma
    a. Wbc count
    b. Afp
    c. BUN
    d. Hematocrit
138
Q
  1. The insulinoma is a
    a. Malignant pediatric adrenal tumor
    b. Benign pancreatic tumor
    c. Malignant pancreatic tumor
    d. Benign liver tumor
139
Q
  1. A tumor that consists of a group of inflammatory cells best describes the
    a. Hematoma
    b. Hepatoma
    c. Lymphoma
    d. Granuloma
140
Q
  1. A tumor that. Consist of a focal collection of blood best describes the
    a. Hematoma
    b. Hamartoma
    c. Lipoma
    d. Angiomyolipoma
141
Q
  1. Which of the following is a tumor marker that may be used in cases of suspected testicular malignancy
    a. Bun
    b. Creatnening
    c. Hcg
    d. Calcitonin
142
Q
  1. The malignant testicular tumor that consists of trophoblastic cells is the
    a. Choriocarcinoma
    b. Yolk sac tumor
    c. Teratoma
    d. Insulinoma
143
Q
  1. What is the artifact likely encountered posterior to a gallstone
    a. Acoustic enhacment
    b. Shadowing
    c. Ring down
    d. Reverberation
144
Q
  1. A collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity often associated with c ancer is termed
    a. Transudate ascites
    b. Chromaffin ascites
    c. Peritoneal
    d. Exudate ascites
145
Q
  1. Which of the following is not a rule of surgical asepsis
    a. If you recognoxe that an item has become nonsterile act immediately
    b. If one sterile person must pass another, they must pass face to face
    c. A sterile field must never be left unmonitored. If a sterile field is left unattended it is considered non sterile
    d. A sterile person does not lean a across a sterile field
146
Q
  1. Which of the following occurs behind a strong granular and irregular surfaces like cyrstals, calculi or calcifactions such as a kidney stone
    a. Twinkle artifact
    b. Refraction
    c. Anistrophy
    d. Side lobes
147
Q
  1. Which of the following has both endcrine and an exocrine function
    a. Adrenal gland
    b. Spleen
    c. Pancreas
    d. Duodenum

ARDMS- Abdomen (Penny) (3 decks)

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