Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is Anatomy?
The study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another
What is Physiology?
The functions of body parts, in other words, how the body parts work to carry out their life-sustaining activities.
What is Gross Anatomy?
The study of large body structures that can be seen with the naked eye
Gross anatomy can be broken down into:
regional anatomy, systemic anatomy, and surface anatomy
What is regional anatomy?
All the structures in a particular region of the body such as the abdomen or leg are examined at the same time
What is systemic anatomy?
The body structure is studied system by system
What is surface anatomy?
This refers to the study of internal structures as they relate to their overlying skin surface. Clinicians use surface anatomy to feel for appropriate blood vessels before they draw blood.
What is Microscopic anatomy?
This deals with structures that are too small for the naked eye.
What are the subdivisions of microscopic anatomy?
Cytology- The study of cells
Histology- The study of tissues
Developmental Anatomy?
Traces structural changes throughout the lifespan
What is Embryology?
This is a subdivision of developmental anatomy that concerns the development changes before birth
What is the principle of complementarity of structure and function?
Function is dependent on structure, and that the form of a structure relates to its function.
Examples of structure and function?
Canines are sharp and pointy to tear food.
The heart has valves to prevent the backflow of blood.
The bones have mineral deposits which make them strong for support.
The alveoli are thin allowing the relatively easy passage of oxygen and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the alveoli and blood vessels called capillaries.
What are the different levels that make up the human body?
Chemical level
Cellular level
Tissue level
Describe the chemical level?
At this level, tiny building blocks come together to form molecules. Molecules turn into organelles that are the basic component of cells.
Describe the cellular level?
Cells are the smallest units of living things. All cells share similar functions but they differ in size and shape to reflect their unique functions.
Describe the tissue level
Group of similar cells that have common functions.
What are the 4 types of tissues?
Epithelial tissue- covers the body surface and lines the cavities
Connective tissue- supports and protects the body.
Muscle tissue- Important for movement
Nerve tissue- Provides rapid internal communication through the transmission of impulses.
What is the organ level?
An organ is a discrete structure composed of at least 2 tissue types usually 4 that carry out a specific function. At the organ level completed functions are possible
What is an organ system?
Organs that work together to carry out a common function. For example, the heart and blood vessels work together to circulate blood.
What is the organizational level?
The sum total of all structures working together to keep us alive
List the 8 necessary Life Functions
Maintain boundaries Responsiveness Digestion Excretion Movement Metabolism Reproduction Growth
What are the 5 survival needs?
Water- 50-60% of boy weight is water. Provides the watery environment needed for chemical reactions
Nutrients- Macronutrients and micronutrients which are needed for energy and cell building.
Oxygen- Most of the chemical reactions in the body are oxidative reactions.
Normal body temperature- Needed for chemical reactions to take place at a normal rate
Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure- This refers to the pressure exerted on the surface of the body. Breathing and gas exchange in the lungs depends on appropriate atmospheric pressure.
What is Homeostasis?
The dynamic state in which the physical and chemical aspects of the internal structures are maintained within ranges suitable for cell activity although the external environment may change.
What are the three components of Homeostasis?
The receptor- It the sensor that monitors the environment. It responds to stimuli by sending input along the afferent pathway to the control center.
The control center- Determines the setpoint, which is the level or range level that the variable is to be maintained. It analyzes the input and determines the appropriate response. Then sends output to the effector along the efferent pathway.
Effector- Carries out the control center’s response to stimuli. The results of the response then feedback to influence the effect of the stimuli either reducing or enhancing it.
What are the pathways?
neural impulses or hormones
What is negative feedback?
In this system, the output shuts off the effect of the original stimulus or reduces its intensity.
What is the positive feedback?
The original response speeds up the effect of the initial stimulus so that further responses are even greater.
What are the organs in the integumentary system?
skin, hair, and nails
What are the organs in the Skeletal system?
Joints and bones
What are the organs in the Muscular System?
Skeletal muscles
What are the organs in the Lymphatic or Immune system?
Thymus, spleen, red bone marrow, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, thoracic duct
What are the organs in the Respiratory System?
lungs, Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus
What are the organs in the Digestive system?
Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, liver
What are the organs of the Nervous system?
Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
What are the organs of the Endocrine system?
thymus, thyroid gland, pineal gland, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, and testis testis
What organs make up the cardiovascular system?
Heart and blood vessels
What organs make up the Urinary System?
Kidney, urinary bladder, ureter, and urethra
What organs make up the makeup reproductive system?
the prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, vas deferens
What organs make up the female reproductive system?
vagina, uterus, mammary glands, uterine tube, ovary
