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History of Psychology Test 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

looking at psych today and attempting to show how it became that way

A

presentism

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2
Q

study of past for its own sake without attempting to relate past and present

A

Historicism

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3
Q

a spirit of the times

A

Zeitgeist

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4
Q

how individuals or events contributed ot changes in ideas/concepts over the years

A

Historical development approach

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5
Q

use whatever method best illuminates an aspect of the history

A

Eclectic approach

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6
Q

Who wore “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it”

A

William James

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7
Q

Science is characterized as having two major components

what are they?

A

1) Empirical observation

2) Theory

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8
Q

Empiricism: :

A

The source of all knowledge is sensory observation. Therefore, true knowledge can only be derived from or validated only by sensory experiences

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9
Q

rationalism:

A

the validity or invalidity of certain propositions can be determined by carefully applying the rules of logic

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10
Q

how does science draw from both rationalism and empiricism

A

the direct observation of nature is important but this observation is often guided by theory

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11
Q

Scientific theories have two main functions * and must be testable

A

1) It organizes empirical observations

2) It acts as a guide for future observations

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12
Q

in general How a theory evolves

A
  • If propositions are generated by a theory and those propositions are confirmed through experimentation. If they are not confirmed, then the theory loses strength
  • If the theory has too many incorrect propositions the theory is then revised or abandoned
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13
Q

a scientific law

A

consistently observed relationships between two or more classes of empirical events
- By stressing lawfulness science is talking about things in general, not individual specific events

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14
Q

Two classes of scientific laws

A

Correlational Laws: describe how classes of events vary together in some systematic way
o Allow for prediction

Casual Laws: specific how events are causally related. One causes the other, one allows us to predict the other
o Allows for prediction and control
o More powerful than correlational laws

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15
Q

For science: The concept of public observation

A
  • All scientific claims must be verifiable by any interested person. There is no secrete knowledge
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16
Q

The assumption of determinism

A

A determinist assumes that everything that occurs is a function of a finite of causes and that if all causes were known we could predict with certainty

  • Since we are trying to discover lawful relationships using science, we assume that we are investigating is lawful

Determinism: the assumption that what is being studied can be understood in terms of causal laws
“ states that for everything that ever happens there are conditions such that, given them, nothing else could happen”

However, knowing all causes of an event is not necessary; the determinist simply assumes that they exist and that as more causes are known, predictions become more accurate.

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17
Q

How did Karl Popper disagree with the traditional view of science

A
  • Disagreed that scientific activity starts with empirical observation
    o Thought this implied ppl just wander around and attempt to explain what they’ve seen
    o Thought that science actually started with a problem. The problem then determines what observations need to be made.
    o Then you propose solutions to the problem (conjectures) and attempt to find fault in the solutions (refutations)
    o Poppers three stages of the scientific method:
    1) Problems
    2) Theories (proposed solutions)
    3) Criticisms
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18
Q

What causes scientific progress according to popper

A

a theory’s incorrect predictions

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19
Q

did popper believe that there was a theory that could last forever

A

Popper believed all scientific theories will eventually be found false and replaced with better ones.

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20
Q

Explain the correspondence of truth and Kuhn

A

Thomas Kuhn

There is a correspondence theory of truth before Kuhn. Ppl believed that science was guided in a non-biased way. Kuhn believed science to be a highly subjective experience

Through paradigms –> accepted –> normal science

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21
Q

Explain how Kuhn viewed science and his development of paradigms

A

Kuhn: Normal science is like puzzle solving. There are assured solutions, rules that limit acceptable solutions and steps to the solution. Kuhn didn’t see much creativity in puzzle solving or normal science.

2 sides of a paradigm:

  • Positive: guarantees that certain phenomena are studied thoroughly,
  • Negative: blinds researcher to other phenomena and potentially better explanations

Anomalies: what Kuhn called persistent observations that a currently accepted paradigm can’t explain

Development of paradigms:
Preparadigmatic stage (prescientific)
-Many competing viewpoints exist

Paradigmatic stage
-One viewpoint beats out others and becomes a paradigm. This is when it becomes a science and normal science by researches occurs.

Revolutionary stage
-When an existing paradigm is displaced by another which in turn generated it on normal science

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22
Q

The different stances of paradigms in psychology

A

Some ppl argue that several paradigms have always existed at the same time in biology. Successful ideas survived while unsuccessful did not. This is called evolutionary epistemology. This conflicts with Kuhns concept of paradigm shifts

Other ppl argue that psychology is a preparadigmatic discipline. That the various schools are competing to gain status as a paradigm.

Others say that psychology is a discipline different that the sciences Kuhn considered and there will never need to e a Kuhnian revolution

This text assumes psychology is a multiparadigmatic discipline.

23
Q

Popper versus Kuhn: Normal Sceince

A

Kuhn: convention and subjective factors: what science historically has been
o Once a paradigm is accepted, normal science by the paradigm
o There is no such thing as neurtral observation, its always through the lens of a paradigm
o Paradigms only creates a reality scientists can explore/ truth itself is relative to the paradigm

Popper: logic and creativity: what science ought to be
o normal science isn’t scientific at all. There shouldn’t be restrictions on science. Scientific activity is creative and nothing like puzzle solving.
o Science can be neutral
o There are truths about the physical world science can approximate (Popper accepted correspondence theory of truth)

24
Q

Paul Feyerabend and Normal Science

A

Paul Feyerabend (1924-94) scientists follow no prescribed set of rules. Any existing rules must be broken in order for scientific progress to occur. In practice, science oversteps the boundaries some scientists and philosophers try to put in the way and becomes free and unrestricted in its inquiry

25
Q

determinism

A

all behaviour is casue. different types of determinism account for what the behaviour is caused by

26
Q

determinism and fortuitous circumstancs

A

Second, some causes of behavior may be fortuitous. For example, a reluctant decision to attend a social event may result in meeting one’s future spouse. About such meetings Bandura (1982) says, “Chance encounters play a prominent role in shaping the course of human lives.

27
Q

physical versus psychical determinsm

A

physical: genes, environmental stimuli, cultural customs

Psychical: beliefs, emotions, sensations, perceptions, ideas, values, goals

28
Q

Heisenber’g uncertainty principle

A

the very act of observing an electron influences its activity and casts doubt on the validity of the observation. nothing can ever be known with certainty in science

29
Q

indeterminism

A

Psychologists who accept this viewpoint believe that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known

30
Q

what type of determinism is someone who believes in free will? Explain

A

Psychologists who accept this viewpoint believe that there are specific causes of behavior but that they cannot be accurately known. Such a posit

31
Q

Who determined hard vs soft determinism? explain what they are

A

William James

With hard determinism human behavior are thought to function in an automatic, mechanistic manner and thus render the notion of personal responsibility meaningless. With soft determinism, however, cognitive pro- cesses such as intentions, motives, beliefs, and values intervene between experience and behavior. The soft determinist sees human behavior as resulting from thoughtful deliberation of the options avail- able in a given situation. Because rational processes manifest themselves prior to actions, the person bears responsibility for those actions.

Soft determinism, then, offers a compro- mise between hard determinism and free will—a compromise that allows for human responsibility.

32
Q

Materalists

A

Some psychologists attempt to explain everything in physical terms; for them, even so-called mental events are ultimately just physics and chemistry

33
Q

monists

A

they attempt to explain every- thing in terms of one type of reality—matter.

34
Q

idealists

A

even our so-called physical reality results from perceived ideas.

35
Q

dualist

A

accept the existence of both physical and mental events and assume that the two are governed by different principles. Such a position is called dualism. The dualist believes that there are physical events and mental events. Once it is assumed that both a phys- ical and a mental realm exist, the question becomes how the two are related.

36
Q

interactionism

A

a form of dualism

claims that the mind and body interact. That is, the mind influences the body, and the body influences the mind. According to this interactionistic conception, the mind is capable of initiating behavior.

37
Q

what kind of dualist was freud and psychoanalysts

A

interactionists as For them, many bodily ailments are psychogenic, caused by mental events such as conflict, anxiety, or frustration.

38
Q

emergentism

A

a type of dualism

laims that mental states emerge from physical brain states. A common analogy is how the unique qualities of water (its wetness, its boiling point, its density, etc.) emerge when hydrogen and oxygen combine—elements without those qualities. The emergent properties of water then are analogous to mind, as something that arises from the right sort of physical substrate (brain)

One kind of emergentism claims that once mental events emerge from brain activity, the mental events can influence subsequent brain activity and thus behavior. Because of the postulated reciprocal influ- ence between brain activity (body) and mental events (mind), this kind of emergentism represents interac- tionism.

39
Q

epiphenomenalism

A

a form of emergentisms that is not interactionist

the brain causes mental events, but mental events cannot cause behavior. In this view, mental events are simply by-products (epi- phenomena) of brain processes with no ability to exert any influence.

40
Q

psychophysical parallelism

A

environmental experience causes both mental events and bodily responses simultaneously and that the two are totally independent of each other.

41
Q

double aspectism

A

a dualist position,

a person cannot be divided into a mind and a body but is a unity that simultaneously experiences events physiologically and mentally. Just as heads and tails are two aspects of a coin, mental events and physio- logical events are two aspects of a person. Mind and body do not interact, nor can they ever be separated.

42
Q

what is reestablished harmony - which some dualists believe in

A

that there is a preestablished harmony between bodily and mental events. That is, the two types of events are different and separate but are coordinated by some external agent—for example, God.

43
Q

Dualist position by Nicolas de Malebranche

A

ooccasionalism

when a desire occurs in the mind, God causes the body to act. Similarly, when something happens to the body, God causes the corresponding mental
experience. Malebranche’s position on the mind- body relationship is called occasionalism.

44
Q

mechanism

A

he behavior of all organisms, including humans, can be explained in the same way that the behavior of any machine can be—in terms of its parts and the laws governing those parts. To the mechanist, explaining human behavior is like explaining the behavior of a clock except that humans are more complex.

45
Q

vitalism

A

life can never be completely reduced to material things and mechanical laws. Living things contain a vital force that does not exist in inanimate objects. In ancient times, this force was referred to as a soul or spirit, and it was its departure from the body that caused death.

46
Q

nativist vs empiricist

A

emphasizes the role of inheritance in his or her explanation of the origins of various human attributes, whereas the empiricist emphasizes the role of experience. Those who consider some aspect of human behav- ior instinctive or who take a stand on human nature as being good, bad, aggressive, gregarious, and so on are also nativists.

Empiricists, on the other hand, claim that humans are the way they are, human attributes, largely because of their experiences.

47
Q

rationalism

A

Rationalistic explanations of human behavior usu- ally emphasize the importance of logical, systematic, and intelligent thought processes.

48
Q

irrationalism

A

human emo- tion has been appreciated more than the human reason. This was the case during the early Christian era, during the Renaissance, and at various other times under the influence of existential philosophy and psychology. All these viewpoints stress human feeling over dry human reasoning

49
Q

were most early greek philosophers and mathematics rationalists or irrationalists

A

rationalists

50
Q

humanists

A

believe that people are qualitatively dif- ferent from other animals, and therefore nothing important about us can be learned by studying non- human animals. Humans, they say, are the only animals that freely choose their courses of action and are therefore morally responsible for that action. It thus makes sense to judge human behav- ior as good or bad.

51
Q

epistemology

different viewpoints

A

the study of knowledge

rationalist: sensory info is the first step, but then mind activity transforms the info in some way before the info is attained

nativists : some knowledge is innate

52
Q

chess board empiricist versus rationalist on perceiving the board with knowlegde

A

empiricist: a passive mind records physical experiences like looking at the board. experiences that consistently happen in a certain pattern are represented I that pattern dn recalled it hat pattern.
rationalist: the active mind interacts with the data , the physical experience, and understand it. it adds something that is not found in our perceptual experience. ex sees checkmate for master, even though its only pieces on a board.

53
Q

naive realism

A

what we experience mentally is the exact ame as what’s physically present

54
Q

reification

A

the tendency to believe that bc something has a name is has an independent existence

ex: souls, minds, demons, spirits, selves,

History of Psychology Test 1 (2 decks)

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