Chapter 1 Flashcards
Many people believe that their intellectual ability is …………… from birth.
(programmé)
hardwired
………… the learning of basic knowledge against the development of creative thinking is a false choice.
Opposer
Pitting
In an effort …. ……. ……. …… ……. between basic knowledge on learning in cognitive psychology and its application in education.
Pour mieux combler le fossé
In an effort to better bridge the gap between basic knowledge on learning in cognitive psychology and its application in education.
This book …… in part from a collaboration among eleven cognitive psychologists.
surgit/émane
This book arose in part from a collaboration among eleven cognitive psychologists.
If learners ………… their study of a topic, returning to it periodically over time, they remember it better.
(étaler)
If learners spread out their study of a topic, returning to it periodically over time, they remember it better.
Similarly, if they ………. the study of different topics, they learn each better than if they had studied them one at a time in sequence.
(intercaler)
Similarly, if they interleave the study of different topics, they learn each better than if they had studied them one at a time in sequence.
We also write for lifelong learners nearing middle age or older who want to …… their skills so as to stay in the game.
(Perfectionner/affiner)
We also write for lifelong learners nearing middle age or older who want to hone their skills so as to stay in the game.
Matt has been …. ….. with piston engines since he was old enough to hold a wrench, and he knew he had a problem.
(s’occupe)
Matt has been messing around with piston engines since he was old enough to hold a wrench, and he knew he had a problem.
There are some ……. aspects of learning that we can probably all …….. …
(immuables)
(sur lesquels nous pouvons tous nous entendre)
There are some immutable aspects of learning that we can probably all agree on.
We can’t ….. through middle school without some mastery of language arts, math, science, and social studies.
(progresser)
We can’t advance through middle school without some mastery of language arts, math, science, and social studies.
Rereading text and massed practice of a skill or new knowledge are …… the preferred study strategies of learners of all ……, but they’re also among the least productive.
(de loin)
(de tous bords)
Rereading text and massed practice of a skill or new knowledge are by far the preferred study strategies of learners of all stripes, but they’re also among the least productive.
Retrieval …….. the memory and interrupts forgetting.
renforce
Retrieval strengthens the memory and interrupts forgetting.
We’re all susceptible to illusions that can …… our judgment of what we know and can do.
(détourner)
We’re all susceptible to illusions that can hijack our judgment of what we know and can do.
Il est sage d’être sceptique.
It’s wise to be skeptical.
Pourtant, tous les conseils ne sont pas fondés sur la recherche, loin de là.
Yet not all advice is grounded in research, far from it.
De nombreux travaux de recherche renversent cette croyance.
Much research turns this belief on its head.
The most effective way to master a new skill is to give it ……. ,
………. ……… focus, practicing over and over until you’ve …….. .
(de s’y consacrer avec ténacité)
(un seul objectif)
(jusqu’à ce qu’elle soit acquise)
The most effective way to master a new skill is to give it dogged, single-minded focus, practicing over and over until you’ve got it down.
You needn’t look far to find training systems that …… …….. on the conviction that mere exposure leads to learning.
(qui s’appuient forcément)
You needn’t look far to find training systems that lean heavily on the conviction that mere exposure leads to learning.
dix heures par jour
Ten hours a day
Context can …… memories.
déclencher
Context can unleash memories.
The narrator …… …… his inability to recall the days of his adolescence.
(pleurer sur)
grieves over
Psychologists have ……….. a curious inverse relationship between the ease of retrieval practice and the power of that practice to …….. learning.
(découvert)
(ancrer)
uncovered
entrench
……… , the more effort you have to expend to retrieve knowledge or skill, the more the practice of retrieval will ……. it.
(inversement)
(ancrer)
Conversely
entrench
At the end, when the players’ hitting was ………..
évaluer
assessed
Un éventail plus large de situations
A broader range of situations
Favoriser l’apprentissage conceptuel
Fostering conceptual learning
Learning to identify …………. ……….. of the examples within a species .
(les points communs sous-jacents)
underlying commonalities
Apprendre à identifier les points communs sous-jacents des exemples au sein d’une espèce
But the interleaved strategy, which was more difficult and felt ……. , produced superior discrimination of differences between types, without …….. the ability to learn commonalities within a type.
(maladroite)
(entraver)
But the interleaved strategy, which was more difficult and felt clunky, produced superior discrimination of differences between types, without hindering the ability to learn commonalities within a type.
Yet when text on a page in a font that is a little difficult to …………… , people recall the content better.
(déchiffrer)
Yet when text on a page in a font that is a little difficult to decipher, people recall the content better.
When letters are …………… from words in a text, requiring the reader to supply them, reading is slowed, and retention improves.
(omises)
When letters are omitted from words in a text, requiring the reader to supply them, reading is slowed, and retention improves.
Of course, learning will not improve if the difficulty completely ……………. the meaning or cannot be overcome.
(masque)
Of course, learning will not improve if the difficulty completely obscures the meaning or cannot be overcome.
In testing, …….. ………… …………. ………. an answer rather than select from multiple choice provides stronger learning benefits.
(le fait d’être obligé de fournir)
In testing, being required to supply an answer rather than select from multiple choice provides stronger learning benefits.
………… with the question, you …………. your brain for something that might give you an idea.
(se débattant)
(vous vous creusez)
Wrestling with the question, you rack your brain for something that might give you an idea.
You may get curious, even …….. or frustrated and ………. ……….. of the hole in your knowledge that needs filling.
(perplexe)
(conscience aiguë)
You may get curious, even stumped or frustrated and acutely aware of the hole in your knowledge that needs filling.
……………. …………… to solve a problem encourage ……….. ……………… of the answer when it is later supplied, creating fertile ground for its encoding, in a way that simply reading the answer cannot.
(les tentatives infructueuses)
(traitement profond)
Unsuccessful attempts to solve a problem encourage deep processing of the answer when it is later supplied, creating fertile ground for its encoding, in a way that simply reading the answer cannot.
Il est préférable de résoudre un problème que de mémoriser la solution.
It’s better to solve a problem than to memorize the solution.
Il est préférable de tenter une solution et de fournir une réponse incorrecte que de ne pas essayer.
It’s better to attempt a solution and supply the incorrect answer than not to make the attempt.
Les élèves devaient répondre à des questions qui évaluaient leur compréhension des concepts clés qu’ils avaient travaillé à apprendre.
The students were asked questions that assessed their understanding of the key concepts that they had worked on learning.
Because of the vast capacity of long-term memory, having the ability to …….. and …… what you know when you need it is key.
(localiser et se rappeler )
Because of the vast capacity of long-term memory, having the ability to locate and recall what you know when you need it is key.
When you recall it after some time …. …….
s’est écoulé
When you recall it after some time has elapsed.
We …….. to fit the events of our lives.
s’efforcer
We strive to fit the events of our lives…
suggestibility can be very …….
subtile
suggestibility can be very subtle.
La police attrape un suspect.
The police nab a suspect.
A woman was watching television ….. when she heard a knock on the door.
(à midi)
A woman was watching television in midday when she heard a knock on the door.
What psychologists call the curse of knowledge is our tendency to ……….. how long it will take another person to learn something new or perform a task that we have already mastered.
(sous-estimer)
What psychologists call the curse of knowledge is our tendency to underestimate how long it will take another person to learn something new or perform a task that we have already mastered.
These memories are thought to be ……. , burned into our minds.
(indélébile)
These memories are thought to be indelible, burned into our minds.
minutieusement reporté
thoroughly reported
Your memory may not necessarily be ……..
juste/précis
Your memory may not necessarily be accurate.
She has long ago …….. into one unified mental model.
rassembler
She has long ago bundled into one unified mental model.
Une erreur de jugement
A misjudgment
We can be …….. by these models.
piégé
We can be tripped by these models.
We …… …… a solution to address it that doesn’t work.
(On sort une solution)
We pull out a solution to address it that doesn’t work.
Their research showed that incompetent people overestimate their own competence and failing to sense a ……… between their performance and what is desirable, see no need to try to improve.
(une discordance)
Their research showed that incompetent people overestimate their own competence and failing to sense a mismatch between their performance and what is desirable, see no need to try to improve.
La plupart des domaines de la vie
Most realms of life
Each of us is an astounding …… of perceptual and cognitive abilities, coexisting with the seeds of …… …… …….
(paquet/concentré)
(de notre propre perte)
Each of us is an astounding bundle of perceptual and cognitive abilities, coexisting with the seeds of our own undoing.
L’intention est louable.
The intent is laudatory.
……. , the process serves ….. …. ….. for the instructor of how well the students are assimilating the material and in what areas more or less work is needed.
(de même)
(dans quelle mesure)
Likewise, the process serves as a gauge for the instructor of how well the students are assimilating the material and in what areas more or less work is needed.
De plus
Moreover
Pour cadrer notre argument
To help frame our argument.
Doris gave him a ……
une fessée
Doris gave him a spanking.
…………, people who ….. ….. …… concepts from the less important information they encounter in new material and who link these key ideas into a mental structure are most successful learners.
(de même)
(distinguent les concepts principaux)
Likewise, people who single out salient concepts from the less important information they encounter in new material and who link these key ideas into a mental structure are most successful learners.
