chapter 1

Question 1

environmental science

Answer 1

the systematic study of our environment and our place in it.

Question 2

throughput

Answer 2

the amount of resources we use and dispose of.

Question 3

ecosystem services

Answer 3

services or resources provided by environmental systems.

Question 4

sustainability

Answer 4

is the search for ecological stability and human progress that can last over the long term.

Question 5

sustainable development

Answer 5

is defined as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future.

Question 6

science

Answer 6

the process for producing knowledge based on observations.

Question 7

deductive reasoning

Answer 7

is drawing a conclusion from a set of given facts using the laws of logic.

Question 8

inductive reasoning

Answer 8

is reasoning from experience, sense perceptions, and observations to form a conclusion.

Question 9

scientific method

Answer 9

is the process by which scientists, collectively and over time, endeavor to construct an accurate (that is, reliable, consistent and non-arbitrary) representation of the world.

Question 10

probability

Answer 10

the measure of how likely something is to occur.

Question 11

observational experiment

Answer 11

is one in which you observe natural events and interpret a casual relationship between the variables.

Question 12

manipulative experiment

Answer 12

is one in which conditions are deliberately altered and all other variables are held constant.

Question 13

dependent variable

Answer 13

is the variable being tested in a scientific experiment.

Question 14

independent or explanatory variable

Answer 14

is the variable that is change in a scientific experiment.

Question 15

scientific consensus

Answer 15

ideas and information are exchanged, debated, tested, and retested to arrive at a (blank).

Question 16

paradigm shifts

Answer 16

new discoveries or breakthroughs can result in major shifts to scientific consensus known as (blank).

Question 17

critical thinking

Answer 17

is the logical, orderly, analytical assessment of ideas, evidence, and arguments.

Question 18

utilitarian conservation

Answer 18

idea that forests should be saved not because they are beautiful or because they shelter wild creatures of the wilderness, but only to provide homes and jobs for the people. resources should be used for the greatest good, for the greatest number, for the longest time. key players: george perkins marsh, theodore roosevelt, gifford pinchot.

Question 19

preservation

Answer 19

idea that emphasizes the fundamental right of other organisms, and nature as a whole, to exist and pursue its own interests. key players: john muir, aldo leopold, stephen mather.

Question 20

modern environmentalism

Answer 20

idea that concerns extended to include both natural resources and environmental pollution. key players: rachel carson, david brower, edward abbey, barry commoner.