Chapter 1 Flashcards
Apnea
The cessation of breathing for more than 20 seconds with or without cyanosis, decreased muscle tone, or bradycardia
Bradypnea
A slower than normal rate of breathing for the patient’s age
Capnograph
A device that provides both a numeric reading and a waveform of carbon dioxide concentrations in exhaled gases
Capnography
The process of continuously analyzing and recording carbon dioxide concentrations in expired air
Capnometer
A device that measures the concentration of carbon dioxide at the airway opening at the end of exhalation
Capnometry
A numeric reading of exhaled CO2 concentrations without a con- tinuous waveform
Crackles
Abnormal breath sounds produced as air passes through airways containing fluid or moisture (formerly called rales)
Fontanels
Membranous spaces formed where cranial bones intersect
Grunting
A short, low-pitched sound heard as the patient exhales against a partially closed glottis; it is a compensatory mechanism to help maintain the patency of the alveoli and prolong the period of gas exchange
Gurgling
A bubbling sound that occurs when blood or secretions are present in the upper airway
Head bobbing
An indicator of increased work of breathing in infants; the head falls forward with exhalation and comes up with expansion of the chest on inhalation
Minute volume
The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one minute, determined by multiplying the tidal volume by the ventilatory rate
Nasal flaring
Widening of the nostrils on inhalation; an attempt to increase the size of the nasal passages for air to enter during inhalation
Pediatric assessment triangle (PAT)
A rapid, systematic approach to forming a general impression of the ill or injured child that focuses on three main areas:
(1) appearance,
(2) work of breathing,
and (3) circulation to the skin.
PQRST
An acronym used when evaluating patients in pain:
Precipitating or provoking factors, Quality of pain, Region and radiation of pain, Severity, and Time of pain onset
Primary assessment
A hands-on assessment that is performed to rapidly find and treat life-threatening conditions by evaluating the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems; also called a primary survey, initial assess- ment, or ABCDE assessment
Pulse oximetry
A noninvasive method of monitoring the percentage of hemoglobin that is saturated with oxygen
Purpura
Red-purple nonblanchable discolorations greater than 0.5 cm in diameter; large purpura are called ecchymoses
Respiratory distress
A clinical condition characterized by increased work of breathing and a rate of breathing outside the normal range for the patient’s age
Respiratory failure
A clinical condition in which there is inadequate oxygenation, ventilation, or both to meet the metabolic demands of body tissues
Retractions
Sinking in of the soft tissues above the sternum or clavicle, or between or below the ribs during inhalation
SAMPLE
Acronym used when obtaining a patient history;
Signs and symptoms (as they relate to the chief complaint),
Allergies,
Medications,
Past medical history,
Last oral intake,
and Events surrounding the illness or injury
Seesaw breathing
An ineffective breathing pattern in which the abdominal muscles move outward during inhalation while the chest moves inward; a sign of impending respiratory failure
Sniffing position
A position in which the patient sits upright and leans forward with the chin slightly raised, thereby aligning the axes of the mouth, pharynx, and trachea to open the airway and increase airflow
Snoring
Noisy, low-pitched sounds usually caused by partial obstruction of the upper airway by the tongue
Stridor
A harsh, high-pitched sound heard on inhalation that is associated with inflammation or swelling of the upper airway often described as a high-pitched “seal bark” sound; caused by disorders such as croup, epiglottitis, the presence of a foreign body, or an inhalation injury
Tachypnea
A rate of breathing that is more rapid than normal for the patient’s age
TICLS
A mnemonic developed by the American Academy of Pediatrics that is used to recall the areas to be assessed related to a child’s overall appearance;
Tone, Interactivity, Consolability, Look or gaze, and Speech or cry
Tidal volume
The volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during a normal breath
Tripod position
A position in which the patient attempts to maintain an open airway by sitting upright and leaning forward supported by his or her arms with the neck slightly extended, chin projected, and mouth open
Wheeze
High- or low-pitched sound produced as air passes through airways that have been narrowed because of swelling, spasm, inflammation, secretions, or the presence of a foreign body
Petechiae
Reddish-purple nonblanchable discolorations in the skin less than 0.5 cm in diameter
