Chapter 1

Question 1

Biology

Answer 1

the study of life

Question 2

Taxonomy

Answer 2

the science of describing and naming organisms

Question 3

Classification

Answer 3

putting similar organisms into orderly groups based on similar characteristics

Question 4

Domains

Answer 4

The broadest category, based on cell type

Question 5

Order the classification system

Answer 5

Domain>Kingdom>Phylum>Class>Order>Family>Genus>Species

Question 6

Bacteria

Answer 6

○ Prokaryotic
○ No nucleus
○ Unicellular

Question 7

Archaea

Answer 7

○ Prokaryotic
○ No nucleus
○ Unicellular
○ Survive in inhospitable environments

Question 8

Eukarya

Answer 8

○ Eukaryotic
○ Have nucleus
○ Most are multicellular
○ Made up of 4 kingdoms
	§ Animal
	§ Plant
	§ Protista
	§ Fungi

Question 9

Kingdoms

Answer 9

based on their ability to make food and the number of cells in their body

Question 10

Autotrophs

Answer 10

Uses simple inorganic substances and either light energy (photosynthesis) or chemical energy (chemosynthesis) to synthesize food

Question 11

Heterotrophs

Answer 11

Obtains energy through intake & digestion of organic substances (animal/plant tissue)

Question 12

LUCA

Answer 12

Last Universal Common Ancestor

Question 13

Characteristics of living things

Answer 13

• Organization
  
  • Energy use
  • Homeostasis (maintenance of internal constancy)
  • Reproduction, growth and development
  • Evolution
  • Heredity (all living things have DNA)

Question 14

Emergent Properties

Answer 14

new functions that arise from interactions among a system’s components

Question 15

Deductive reasoning

Answer 15

• Start with theory
• Confirm a hypothesis
• Typically quantitative research

Question 16

Inductive reasoning

Answer 16

• Start with data
• Infer conclusions from data
• Typically qualitative research

Question 17

Scientific Method

Answer 17

1. Observation
   
   2. Hypothesis
   3. Prediction
   4. Experiment
   5. Conclusion

Question 18

Scientific Inquiry

Answer 18

the diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on the evidence derived from their work

Question 19

Evolution

Answer 19

the change in genetic composition in a population over successive generations

Question 20

Natural selection

Answer 20

the mechanism by which evolution occurs; variations in the population which spread or are eliminated based on how well they manage to survive in the environment

Question 21

Georges Buffon (1707-1788)

Answer 21

Suggested that the earth was much older than 6000 years, noticed similarities between humans and apes and suggested common ancestor

Question 22

Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)

Answer 22

credited with developing science of paleontology, by documenting fossil discoveries showed that extinction had occurred, found deeper layers of rock had species most dissimilar to modern life

Question 23

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829)

Answer 23

first to recognize key role environment played in evolution, “Theory of Acquired Characteristics” noticed giraffes with long necks best suited to survive drought, believed species became more complex over time and simple species were being created by spontaneous generation

Question 24

Charles Lyell (1797-1835)

Answer 24

geologist, proposed that gradual geological processes have shaped earths surface, inferring earth must be older than believed

Question 25

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)

Answer 25

plants and animals produce far more offspring than can be supported by their environments, population growth limited by density dependent factors such as disease, war, famine

Question 26

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

Answer 26

The Voyage of the Beagle, noticed on Galapagos Islands finches had different beaks better suited to food on each island, theory of natural selection, common ancestor, adaptations give species an advantage and natural selection determines which organisms survive and reproduce; descent with modification from common ancestor

Question 27

Evolution takes a long time: earth is more than 6000 years old

Answer 27

Earth is 4.5 billion years old

Question 28

Artificial selection

Answer 28

humans choose beneficial traits

Question 29

Evidence that supports natural selection

Answer 29

1. Fossil records
2. Comparative Anatomy
3. Molecular Evidence
4. Comparative Embryology
5. Vestigial Structures
   6, Direct Observation (Microevolution)

Question 30

Fossil records

Answer 30

show progression in complexity, show evolution in horses, whales, archaeopteryx showed transition between modern birds and reptiles

Question 31

Carbon dating

Answer 31

evaluating radioactive isotopes present in rocks containing fossils can show age

Question 32

Homologous Structures

Answer 32

similarities in bone structures of forelimbs of mammals demonstrate common ancestry

Question 33

Analogous Structures

Answer 33

developed from different original structures but share similar functions; bat, butterfly and bird wings all used to fly but distantly related

Question 34

Convergent evolution

Answer 34

different starting materials come to perform the same function

Question 35

Molecular Evidence

Answer 35

genetic similarities, the longer 2 species have been evolving separately, the greater the number of genetic differences that accumulate

Question 36

Microevolution

Answer 36

• Antibiotic resistant bacteria
• 1800s industrial melanism; trees became darker with pollution and caused darker moths to be better off than the white moths that had thrived previously