Chapter 1 Flashcards
Define anatomy
Study of form/structure
Define physiology
Study of function (how to works)
List 4 ways to examine anatomy
Inspect, palpate, percuss, auscultate
Define dissection
Cut and separate tissues
Define comparative anatomy
Study to compare species for similarities and differences, and evolutionary trends
List the 7 subdivisions of anatomy (C.H.U.G.M.E.H.)
Cytology Histology Ultrastructure Gross anatomy Medical imaging Exploratory surgery Histopathology
Cytology
Study and structure of cells
Histology
Examine cells under microscope (aka microscopic anatomy)
Ultrastructure
Use electron microscope to examine molecules
Gross anatomy
Seen with the naked eye
Medical imaging
Radiology, view body without surgery
Exploratory surgery
Actual surgery
Histopathology
Examine tissues via microscope (cancer cells, etc.)
Name the 3 sub-disciplines of physiology (P.E.N.)
Pathophysiology
Endocrinology
Neurophysiology
Pathophysiology
Disease process
Endocrinology
Physiology of hormones
Neurophysiology
Physiology of nervous system
Name method for studying microscopic STRUCTURE of the liver
Cytology
Name the method for microscopically examining the liver tissue
Histopathology
Define comparative physiology
- Use different species for research
- Limit human experiments
- Tests and procedures on animals
- Basis to develop new drugs and procedures
Who is Hippocrates
Father of Medicine
Greek physician
Hippocratic Oath (code of ethics)
Urged physicians to no longer attribute disease to gods and demons
Who is Aristotle
He argues complex structures come from simples ones
Who is Claudius Galen
Influential medical textbook w/ Aristotle
Did animal dissections ONLY
Made inaccurate claims since unable to dissect humans
Who is Ibn Sina
“Galen of Islam” or “Avicenna”
Famous book Canon of Medicine
Combined findings of Galen & Aristotle
Who is Andreas Vesalius
Proved Galen was inaccurate
Did cadaver dissections
1at to publish atlas of anatomy 1543
Who is William Harvey
Key scientist for physiology
Studied blood circulation
Who is Autony van Leeuwenhook
Invented simple/single lens microscope
Intended purpose: examine weave of fabrics
Who is Robert Hooke
Invented compound/2 lens microscope
Who are Mathias Schleiden & Theodore Schwann (Schleiden and Schwann)
Cell theory
Organisms are composed of cells
Who are the main influencers of the scientific method?
Francis Bacon (England) and Rene Descartes (Frances)
What did Francis Bacon (England) and Rene Descartes (Frances) create?
Scientific method. Created system to rule out similarities, differences, trends and generalizations from facts. They set the standards.
What the are 2 scientific methods?
Inductive method and hypothetico-deductive method.
Inductive method
Conclusion is reached after REPEATED observation.
• reliable
• testable
• anatomy is product of this method
Is anatomy or physiology a product of inductive method?
Anatomy
Hypothetico-deductive method
5 steps • observe/ask a question • hypothesis • predict • experiment • conclusion/theory
Is anatomy or physiology a product of hypothetico-deductive method?
Physiology
Falsifiability
Conclusion can be proven false with new evidence
What is Charles Darwin famous for?
- natural selection
* book: Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
Evolution
Change in genetic composition
Natural selection
- hereditary advantages (camouflage)
* able to reproduce more off spring
Selection pressures
Natural forces promote higher reproductivity success than others
List the 7 levels of organization from smallest to largest (hierarchy of complexity)
- molecules
- organelles
- cells
- tissues
- organs
- organ system
- organism
List the 7 levels of organization from largest to smallest (hierarchy of complexity)
- organism
- organ system
- organs
- tissues
- cell
- organelles
- molecules
What are atoms
Smallest particles
Molecules
Made of 2 or more atoms
Organelles
Structures within a cell carry out its function
List example of organelle
Mitochondria, ribosomes
List example of molecules
H2O
Cells
Smallest unit of an organism
List example of cells
RBC, skin cells
Tissue
Group of similar cells that form an organ
List 4 examples of tissue
- epithelial
- connective
- muscular
- nervous
Organ
2 or more tissue types carry out particular function
List example of organ
Heart
Organ systems
Body has 11 organ systems
Group of organs make a system
List example of organ systems
Digestive, circulatory
Organism
Complete individual (human)
List the 2 theories of human structure
Reductionism and holism
