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Chapter 1 (major themes of A&P) > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define anatomy

A

Study of form/structure

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2
Q

Define physiology

A

Study of function (how to works)

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3
Q

List 4 ways to examine anatomy

A

Inspect, palpate, percuss, auscultate

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4
Q

Define dissection

A

Cut and separate tissues

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5
Q

Define comparative anatomy

A

Study to compare species for similarities and differences, and evolutionary trends

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6
Q

List the 7 subdivisions of anatomy (C.H.U.G.M.E.H.)

A 
Cytology
Histology
Ultrastructure
Gross anatomy
Medical imaging 
Exploratory surgery
Histopathology
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7
Q

Cytology

A

Study and structure of cells

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8
Q

Histology

A

Examine cells under microscope (aka microscopic anatomy)

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9
Q

Ultrastructure

A

Use electron microscope to examine molecules

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10
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Seen with the naked eye

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11
Q

Medical imaging

A

Radiology, view body without surgery

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12
Q

Exploratory surgery

A

Actual surgery

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13
Q

Histopathology

A

Examine tissues via microscope (cancer cells, etc.)

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14
Q

Name the 3 sub-disciplines of physiology (P.E.N.)

A

Pathophysiology
Endocrinology
Neurophysiology

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15
Q

Pathophysiology

A

Disease process

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16
Q

Endocrinology

A

Physiology of hormones

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17
Q

Neurophysiology

A

Physiology of nervous system

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18
Q

Name method for studying microscopic STRUCTURE of the liver

A

Cytology

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19
Q

Name the method for microscopically examining the liver tissue

A

Histopathology

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20
Q

Define comparative physiology

A
  • Use different species for research
  • Limit human experiments
  • Tests and procedures on animals
  • Basis to develop new drugs and procedures
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21
Q

Who is Hippocrates

A

Father of Medicine
Greek physician
Hippocratic Oath (code of ethics)
Urged physicians to no longer attribute disease to gods and demons

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22
Q

Who is Aristotle

A

He argues complex structures come from simples ones

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23
Q

Who is Claudius Galen

A

Influential medical textbook w/ Aristotle
Did animal dissections ONLY
Made inaccurate claims since unable to dissect humans

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24
Q

Who is Ibn Sina

A

“Galen of Islam” or “Avicenna”
Famous book Canon of Medicine
Combined findings of Galen & Aristotle

25
Q

Who is Andreas Vesalius

A

Proved Galen was inaccurate
Did cadaver dissections
1at to publish atlas of anatomy 1543

26
Q

Who is William Harvey

A

Key scientist for physiology

Studied blood circulation

27
Q

Who is Autony van Leeuwenhook

A

Invented simple/single lens microscope

Intended purpose: examine weave of fabrics

28
Q

Who is Robert Hooke

A

Invented compound/2 lens microscope

29
Q

Who are Mathias Schleiden & Theodore Schwann (Schleiden and Schwann)

A

Cell theory

Organisms are composed of cells

30
Q

Who are the main influencers of the scientific method?

A

Francis Bacon (England) and Rene Descartes (Frances)

31
Q

What did Francis Bacon (England) and Rene Descartes (Frances) create?

A

Scientific method. Created system to rule out similarities, differences, trends and generalizations from facts. They set the standards.

32
Q

What the are 2 scientific methods?

A

Inductive method and hypothetico-deductive method.

33
Q

Inductive method

A

Conclusion is reached after REPEATED observation.
• reliable
• testable
• anatomy is product of this method

34
Q

Is anatomy or physiology a product of inductive method?

A

Anatomy

35
Q

Hypothetico-deductive method

A 
5 steps
• observe/ask a question
• hypothesis
• predict
• experiment 
• conclusion/theory
36
Q

Is anatomy or physiology a product of hypothetico-deductive method?

A

Physiology

37
Q

Falsifiability

A

Conclusion can be proven false with new evidence

38
Q

What is Charles Darwin famous for?

A
  • natural selection

* book: Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

39
Q

Evolution

A

Change in genetic composition

40
Q

Natural selection

A
  • hereditary advantages (camouflage)

* able to reproduce more off spring

41
Q

Selection pressures

A

Natural forces promote higher reproductivity success than others

42
Q

List the 7 levels of organization from smallest to largest (hierarchy of complexity)

A
  • molecules
  • organelles
  • cells
  • tissues
  • organs
  • organ system
  • organism
43
Q

List the 7 levels of organization from largest to smallest (hierarchy of complexity)

A
  • organism
  • organ system
  • organs
  • tissues
  • cell
  • organelles
  • molecules
44
Q

What are atoms

A

Smallest particles

45
Q

Molecules

A

Made of 2 or more atoms

46
Q

Organelles

A

Structures within a cell carry out its function

47
Q

List example of organelle

A

Mitochondria, ribosomes

48
Q

List example of molecules

A

H2O

49
Q

Cells

A

Smallest unit of an organism

50
Q

List example of cells

A

RBC, skin cells

51
Q

Tissue

A

Group of similar cells that form an organ

52
Q

List 4 examples of tissue

A
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • muscular
  • nervous
53
Q

Organ

A

2 or more tissue types carry out particular function

54
Q

List example of organ

A

Heart

55
Q

Organ systems

A

Body has 11 organ systems

Group of organs make a system

56
Q

List example of organ systems

A

Digestive, circulatory

57
Q

Organism

A

Complete individual (human)

58
Q

List the 2 theories of human structure

A

Reductionism and holism

Chapter 1 (major themes of A&P) (1 decks)

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