Chapter 1

Question 1

Psychology

Answer 1

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Question 2

Theories

Answer 2

propose reasons for relationships among events

Question 3

Applied Research

Answer 3

designed to find solutions to specific personal or social problems

Question 4

Clinical Psychologists

Answer 4

Help people with psychological disorders adjust to the demands of life

Question 5

Proposed “Know thyself”

Answer 5

Socrates

Question 6

Argued that human behavior is subject to rules and laws

Answer 6

Aristotle

Question 7

Suggested that we could think of behavior in terms of body and mind

Answer 7

Democritus

Question 8

Careful examination of one’s own thoughts and emotions - to gain self knowledge

Answer 8

Introspection

Question 9

School of psychology - attempted to break conscious experience down into objective sensations and subjective feelings and mental images

Answer 9

Structuralism

Question 10

School of psychology- focused on behavior and the mind of consciousness

Answer 10

Functionalism

Question 11

The school of psychology that focuses on learning observable behavior (heart rate, blood pressure, brain waves)

Answer 11

Behaviorism

Question 12

A stimulus that follows a response and increases the frequency of the response

Answer 12

Reinforcement

Question 13

Emphasizes the tendency to organize perceptions into wholes and to integrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns

Answer 13

Gestalt Psychology

Question 14

School of psychology that emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and conflicts as determinants of human behavior

Answer 14

Psychoanalysis

Question 15

Seeks to understand the nature of the links between biological processes and structures.

Answer 15

Biological Perspective

Question 16

Having to do with mental processes such as sensation and perception, memory, intelligence, language, thought, and problem solving.

Answer 16

Cognitive

Question 17

Includes cognitive factors in the explanation and prediction of behavior

Answer 17

Social Cognitive Theory

Question 18

The view that focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in behavior and mental processes

Answer 18

Sociocultural Perspective

Question 19

An association or a relationship among variables.

Answer 19

Correlation

Question 20

A source of bias that may occur in research findings when participants are allowed to choose for themselves a certain treatment in a scientific study

Answer 20

Selection factor

Question 21

Part of a population

Answer 21

sample

Question 22

A complete group of interest to researchers, from which a sample is drawn

Answer 22

Population

Question 23

A sample drawn so that each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate

Answer 23

Random Sample

Question 24

A sample drawn so that identified subgroups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample

Answer 24

Stratified sample

Question 25

A source of bias or error in research reflecting the prospect that people who offer to participate in research studies differ systematically from people who don’t

Answer 25

Volunteer bias

Question 26

A carefully drawn biography that may be obtained through interviews, questionnaires, and psychological tests

Answer 26

Case Study

Question 27

A method of scientific investigation in which a large sample of people answer questions about their attitudes of behavior

Answer 27

Survey

Question 28

A scientific method in which organisms are observed in their natural environments

Answer 28

Naturalistic Observation

Question 29

A mathematical method of determining whether one variable increases or decreases as another variable increases or decreases

Answer 29

Correlational method

Question 30

A number between +1.00 and -1.00 that expresses the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables

Answer 30

Correlation Coefficient

Question 31

A condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so that its effects may be observed

Answer 31

Independent Variable

Question 32

A measure of an assumed effect of an independent variable

Answer 32

Dependent Variables

Question 33

In experiments, groups whose members obtain the treatment

Answer 33

Experimental groups

Question 34

In experiments, groups whose members do not obtain the treatment, while other conditions are held constant

Answer 34

Control groups

Question 35

A bogus treatment that has the appearance of being genuine

Answer 35

Placebo

Question 36

In experimental terminology, unaware of whether or not one has received a treatment

Answer 36

Blind

Question 37

A study in which neither the subjects nor the observers know who has received the treatment

Answer 37

Double-blind study

Question 38

A participant’s agreement to participate in research after receiving info about the purposes of the study and nature of treatments

Answer 38

Informed consent

Question 39

To explain the purposes and methods of a completed procedure to a participant

Answer 39

Debrief

Question 40

A way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence

Answer 40

Critical thinking

Question 41

Who opened the first psychology lab in 1879?

Answer 41

Wilhelm Wunt