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Anatomy And Physiology I > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four ways we examine the structure of the human body?

A
  • Inspection
  • Palpation
  • Auscultation
  • Percussion
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2
Q

Cadaver dissection

A

Cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationships

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3
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

Study of one or more species in order to examine structural similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends

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4
Q

Exploratory surgery

A

Opening the body and looking inside

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5
Q

Medical Imaging

A

Viewing the body without surgery

I.e. Radiology—branch of medicine concerned with imaging

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6
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

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7
Q

Cytology

A

Study of the structure and function of cells

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8
Q

Histology (microscopic anatomy)

A

Examination of cells with microscope

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9
Q

Ultrastructure

A

View molecular detail under electron microscope

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10
Q

Histopathology

A

Microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease

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11
Q

Who is the “Father of medicine”

A

Hippocrates

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12
Q

Who established the code of ethics and what is it called

A

Hippocrates established the Hippocratic Oath

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13
Q

Who urged physicians to seek natural causes of disease rather than attribute them to acts of the gods and demons?

A

Hippocrates

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14
Q

Which philosopher believed that diseases had either supernatural of physical causes and also believed that complex structures are built from simpler parts?

A

Aristotle

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15
Q

What did Aristotle call supernatural causes of disease?

A

Theologi

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16
Q

What did Aristotle call natural causes for disease?

A

Physiologi

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17
Q

Who published the first atlas of anatomy, De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the Structure of the Human Body) in 1543

A

Andreas Vesalius

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18
Q

Andreas Vesalius

A
  • Taught anatomy in Italy

- Performed his own dissections rather than barber-surgeons

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19
Q

Who coined the term “cells”?

A

Robert Hooke

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20
Q

Compound Microscope

A

-two lenses: ocular lens (eyepiece)” and objective lens (near specimen)

21
Q

Who made improvements to the compound microscope—invented the specimen stage, illumination, coarse and fine focus controls

  • His microscopes only magnified 30X
  • First to see and name “cells”
A

Robert Hooke

22
Q

Who published the first comprehensive book of microscopy (Micrographia) in 1665?

A

Robert Hooke

23
Q

Who invented a simple (single-lens) microscope with 200X mag to look at fabrics
-Also published his observations of blood, lake water, sperm, bacteria from tooth scraping, and many other things

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

24
Q

Who greatly improved compound microscopes by adding a condenser and superior optics—eliminated blurry edges (spherical aberration) and rainbow like distortions (chromatic aberration)?

A

Carl Zeiss and Ernest Abbe

25
Q

What is the Hierarchy of Complexity in order of least to greatest?

A
  • atom
  • molecule
  • organelle
  • cell
  • tissues
  • organs
  • organ system
  • organism
26
Q

Reductionism

A

Theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components

  • first espoused by Aristotle
  • essential to scientific thinking
27
Q

Holistic

A

There are “emergent properties” of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from the properties do separate parts

  • humans are more than the sum of their parts
  • complementary theory to reductionism
28
Q

Anatomical Variation 30%

A

Missing muscles, extra vertebrae (spinal column), renal arteries
- variation in organ locations (situs solitude, situs inversus, dectrocrdia, situs perversus)

29
Q

Situs Solitus

A

medical term referring to the normal position of thoracic and abdominal organs.
Anatomically, this means that the heart is on the left with the pulmonary atrium on the right and the systemic atrium on the left along with the cardiac apex.

30
Q

Situs Inversus

A 
Situs inversus (also called situs transversus or oppositus) is a congenital condition in which the major visceral organs are reversed or mirrored from their normal positions. 
The normal arrangement of internal organs is known as situs solitus.
31
Q

Dextrocardia

A

A rare heart condition in which your heart points toward the right side of your chest instead of the left side.
Dextrocardia is congenital, which means people are born with this abnormality.

32
Q

Congentital

A

Of a disease of physical abnormality present from birth

33
Q

Situs Pervursus

A

-malposition of any visceral structure.

34
Q

What are the characteristics of life?

A
  • Organization—living things exhibit a higher level of organization than the non living world around them
  • Cellular composition—living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells
  • Metabolism—sim of all internal chemical change: anabolism, catabolism, and excretion
  • Responsiveness and movement—sense and react to stimuli (responsiveness, irritability or excitability)
  • Homeostasis—maintaining stable internal conditions
  • Development—differentiation and growth
  • Reproduction—producing copies of themselves; pass genes to offspring
  • Evolution—mutations: changes in genetic structure
35
Q

What is the internal body temperature?

A

Ranges from 97-99 degrees F

36
Q

Who coined the term homeostasis?

A

Walter Cannon

37
Q

Homeostasis

A
  • state of the body fluctuates (dynamic equilibrium) within limited range around a set point
  • Negative feedback keeps variable close to the set point
38
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

-body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse it—dynamic equilibrium

39
Q

Negative Feedback

A
  • Receptor—senses change in the body (e.g., stretch receptors that monitor blood pressure)
  • Integrating (control) center—control center that processes the sensory information, “makes a decision,” and directs the response (e.g., cardiac center of the brain)
  • Effector—carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis (e.g., cell or organ)
40
Q

Positive Feedback and Rapid Change

A

Self-amplifying cycle—leads to greater change in the same direction
—feedback loop is repeated—change produces more change

-occurs with childbirth, blood clotting, proteins digestion, fever, sexual orgasm and generation of nerve signals

41
Q

At what point does a fever enter a positive feedback loop?

A 
Fever > 104 degrees F
 - metabolic rate increase
 - body produces heat even faster
 -body temperature continues to rise
 - further increasing metabolic rate
Becomes fatal at 113 degrees F
42
Q

Cell Theory

A

All structure and function results from the activity of cells

43
Q

Who discovered radiography (X-rays)?

A

William Roentgen

44
Q

How does radiography (X-rays) work?

A
  • Penetrates tissues to darken photographic film beneath the body
  • Dense tissue appears white
45
Q

Computed tomography (CT scan)

A
  • formerly CAT scan

- low-intensity X-rays and computer analysis—slice-type image/ increased sharpness of image

46
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A
  • slice-type image
  • superior quality to CT scan
  • best for soft tissue
47
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A
  • alignment and realignment of hydrogen atoms with magnetic field and radio waves
  • varying levels of energy given off used by computer to produce an image
48
Q

Sonogrphy

A
  • second oldest and second most widely used
  • high-frequency sound waves echo back from internal organs
  • not very sharp

Anatomy And Physiology I (1 decks)

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