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Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is development?

A

Systematic changes and continuities across the lifespan

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2
Q

Development is concerned with

A

Physical, cognitive and psychosocial changes

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3
Q

What is physical development

A

Physical and biological processes

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4
Q

What is an example of physical development

A

Genetics, health, wellness and ageing

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5
Q

What is cognitive development

A

Thoughts and intellectual processes

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6
Q

What are examples of cognitive development

A

Memory, learning and attention

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7
Q

What is psychosocial development?

A

Social and interpersonal connections

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8
Q

What are examples of psychosocial developments?

A

Relationships, morality and emotions

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9
Q

What is culture?

A

A shared understanding of beliefs, practices and values transmitted from one generation to another

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10
Q

What are age grades?

A

Socially defined age groups with particular status, roles, responsibilities and privileges

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11
Q

What are age norms?

A

Expectations for what people should be doing and how they should be behaving according to their age

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12
Q

What is the social clock

A

When people think they should be doing things based on societal expectations

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13
Q

What is a stereotypes

A

Generalisations that are assumed to be true and ignore individual variations

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14
Q

Ageism

A

Prejudice or discrimination based on age

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15
Q

How are developmental milestones shaped?

A

Ethnicity and socioeconomic status

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16
Q

What has lower SES has been linked to?

A

lower school achievement, poorer mental and physical health and well being

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17
Q

What is ‘nature’ with reference to development?

A

Heredity and maturation determined by biological processes

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18
Q

What does species level heredity predict?

A

Why biological processes typically occur at similar times

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19
Q

What does heredity explain?

A

Why each individual is unique

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20
Q

What is ‘nurture’ with reference to development?

A

Changes due to the environment

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21
Q

What is the definition of environment in the context of development?

A

Events or conditions that influence and are influenced by the individual

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22
Q

What does ‘nurture’ emphasise above ‘nature’

A

Learning

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23
Q

Who developed the bio ecological model?

A

Broffenbrenner

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24
Q

What does the bio ecological model explain?

A

The role of nature and nurture as a person interacts with a series of environmental systems

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25
What are the four environmental systems of the bio ecological model?
Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem
26
What is the microsystem? Give an example
Immediate surroundings and setting the person functions in. For example, day care, family settings and school
27
What is a mesosystem? Give an example
The relationship between the microsystem and and immediate environments. For example, impact on school due to family difficulties
28
What is an exosystem? Give an example
Settings not experienced directly but still impact development. For example, a child's parenting impacts how they parent
29
What is the macrosystem? Give an example
The larger cultural context which includes the macrosystem, mesosystem and exosystems
30
What is the chronosystem?
How changes in environmental systems, social trends and life events are patterned over a lifetime.
31
What are the four study goals in developmental science?
Observing, describing, predicting, optimising
32
What is a 'description' study goal?
Describing normal development and individual differences
33
What is the starting point of study from a studies perspective?
Description
34
What is the 'explaining' study goal?
Relationships - why one thing affects another
35
What is the 'predicting' study goal?
Identifying factors that predict developmental patterns
36
What is the 'optimising' study goal?
Helping humans develop in positive directions
37
What is evidence based practice?
Ensuring interventions to optimise development has been demonstrated to be effective
38
What is a baby biography?
Noting observations of a baby's development
39
What are 3 facts about Stanley Hall?
Founder of developmental science who wrote the book on adolescence. Based his work on Darwin.
40
What are the four key elements of the lifespan perspective
Development is lifelong, multi directional, has gains and losses and is shaped by cultural context
41
Who is Paul Balts?
Developed the lifespan perspective
42
What are the 7 perspectives of lifespan development?
1) Lifelong process 2) Multi-directional 3) Gains and losses 4) Multiply influenced 5) Lifelong plasticity 6) Shaped by historical-cultural context 7) Studied by multiple disciplines
43
What is 'development is a lifelong process' refer to?
Development in any period is best seen in the context of the whole lifespan
44
What is 'development is multi-directional' refer to?
Different aspects of human functioning have different trajectories of change
45
What does 'development includes gains and losses' refer to?
Gains and losses are intertwined throughout the lifespan
46
What does 'development is multiply influenced' refer to?
Development is the product of many interacting factors. It is often the most unexpected that has the most profound effect.
47
What does 'lifelong plasticity' refer to in development?
Responding to positive and negative environments and experiences across the lifespan.
48
What does 'shaped by historical-cultural context' refer to?
The time the individual grows up in shapes their development
49
Why must lifespan and development be studied by multiple disciplines?
The lifespan is multiply influenced
50
What are the four major ethical obligations of investigators to research participants?
1) Informed consent 2) Debriefing 3) Protection from harm 4) Confidentiality
51
What does 'informed consent' refer to?
Informing participants of all aspects of research in order to give consent to participate
52
What does 'debriefing' refer to?
Revealing aspects of the study not revealed earlier. Ensuring they're okay.
53
What does 'protection from harm' refer to?
Do no harm to the individual, physically or psychologically and / or take necessary measures to rectify any damage
54
What does 'confidentiality' refer to?
Keeping information private and confidential. Privacy legislate regulates this to some degree.
55
What is culturally sensitive research?
Preparing, consulting and negotiating with participants and representatives such as elders when planning, implementing and disseminating research?
56
Who owns the data gathered from information passed through generations?
The group the information belongs to, not the researcher.
57
What area of development is concerned with aspects of self, social and interpersonal connections?
Psychosocial development
58
Pat, a 35-year-old woman, is worried that if she and her husband do not have children soon, she will miss her chance to be a parent. Pat is experiencing
The social clock
59
Patterned events experienced by an individual over time are known as the:
Chronosystem
60
Research that characterises human behaviour at different ages and traces how it changes with age is consistent with which one of the broad goals of life span development research?
Description
61
What is the study of gerontology?
The social, psychological, mental and biological aspects of ageing and later life
62
Naturalistic observation is described as one in which:
Participants are observed while taking part in everyday activities in their natural environment
63
What is the name of the measure ranging from +1.00 to –1.00 that measures the extent to which two variables or attributes are systematically related to each other in a positive or negative way?
Correlation coefficient
64
Australia's National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and New Zealand's Health Research Council (HRC) require universities that conduct research with humans to do what?
Have ethics committees to determine if proposed research projects conform to ethical standards

Lifespan (3 decks)

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