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Lifespan > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is development?

A

Systematic changes and continuities across the lifespan

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2
Q

Development is concerned with

A

Physical, cognitive and psychosocial changes

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3
Q

What is physical development

A

Physical and biological processes

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4
Q

What is an example of physical development

A

Genetics, health, wellness and ageing

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5
Q

What is cognitive development

A

Thoughts and intellectual processes

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6
Q

What are examples of cognitive development

A

Memory, learning and attention

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7
Q

What is psychosocial development?

A

Social and interpersonal connections

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8
Q

What are examples of psychosocial developments?

A

Relationships, morality and emotions

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9
Q

What is culture?

A

A shared understanding of beliefs, practices and values transmitted from one generation to another

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10
Q

What are age grades?

A

Socially defined age groups with particular status, roles, responsibilities and privileges

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11
Q

What are age norms?

A

Expectations for what people should be doing and how they should be behaving according to their age

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12
Q

What is the social clock

A

When people think they should be doing things based on societal expectations

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13
Q

What is a stereotypes

A

Generalisations that are assumed to be true and ignore individual variations

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14
Q

Ageism

A

Prejudice or discrimination based on age

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15
Q

How are developmental milestones shaped?

A

Ethnicity and socioeconomic status

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16
Q

What has lower SES has been linked to?

A

lower school achievement, poorer mental and physical health and well being

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17
Q

What is ‘nature’ with reference to development?

A

Heredity and maturation determined by biological processes

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18
Q

What does species level heredity predict?

A

Why biological processes typically occur at similar times

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19
Q

What does heredity explain?

A

Why each individual is unique

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20
Q

What is ‘nurture’ with reference to development?

A

Changes due to the environment

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21
Q

What is the definition of environment in the context of development?

A

Events or conditions that influence and are influenced by the individual

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22
Q

What does ‘nurture’ emphasise above ‘nature’

A

Learning

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23
Q

Who developed the bio ecological model?

A

Broffenbrenner

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24
Q

What does the bio ecological model explain?

A

The role of nature and nurture as a person interacts with a series of environmental systems

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25
Q

What are the four environmental systems of the bio ecological model?

A

Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem

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26
Q

What is the microsystem? Give an example

A

Immediate surroundings and setting the person functions in. For example, day care, family settings and school

27
Q

What is a mesosystem? Give an example

A

The relationship between the microsystem and and immediate environments. For example, impact on school due to family difficulties

28
Q

What is an exosystem? Give an example

A

Settings not experienced directly but still impact development. For example, a child’s parenting impacts how they parent

29
Q

What is the macrosystem? Give an example

A

The larger cultural context which includes the macrosystem, mesosystem and exosystems

30
Q

What is the chronosystem?

A

How changes in environmental systems, social trends and life events are patterned over a lifetime.

31
Q

What are the four study goals in developmental science?

A

Observing, describing, predicting, optimising

32
Q

What is a ‘description’ study goal?

A

Describing normal development and individual differences

33
Q

What is the starting point of study from a studies perspective?

A

Description

34
Q

What is the ‘explaining’ study goal?

A

Relationships - why one thing affects another

35
Q

What is the ‘predicting’ study goal?

A

Identifying factors that predict developmental patterns

36
Q

What is the ‘optimising’ study goal?

A

Helping humans develop in positive directions

37
Q

What is evidence based practice?

A

Ensuring interventions to optimise development has been demonstrated to be effective

38
Q

What is a baby biography?

A

Noting observations of a baby’s development

39
Q

What are 3 facts about Stanley Hall?

A

Founder of developmental science who wrote the book on adolescence. Based his work on Darwin.

40
Q

What are the four key elements of the lifespan perspective

A

Development is lifelong, multi directional, has gains and losses and is shaped by cultural context

41
Q

Who is Paul Balts?

A

Developed the lifespan perspective

42
Q

What are the 7 perspectives of lifespan development?

A

1) Lifelong process
2) Multi-directional
3) Gains and losses
4) Multiply influenced
5) Lifelong plasticity
6) Shaped by historical-cultural context
7) Studied by multiple disciplines

43
Q

What is ‘development is a lifelong process’ refer to?

A

Development in any period is best seen in the context of the whole lifespan

44
Q

What is ‘development is multi-directional’ refer to?

A

Different aspects of human functioning have different trajectories of change

45
Q

What does ‘development includes gains and losses’ refer to?

A

Gains and losses are intertwined throughout the lifespan

46
Q

What does ‘development is multiply influenced’ refer to?

A

Development is the product of many interacting factors. It is often the most unexpected that has the most profound effect.

47
Q

What does ‘lifelong plasticity’ refer to in development?

A

Responding to positive and negative environments and experiences across the lifespan.

48
Q

What does ‘shaped by historical-cultural context’ refer to?

A

The time the individual grows up in shapes their development

49
Q

Why must lifespan and development be studied by multiple disciplines?

A

The lifespan is multiply influenced

50
Q

What are the four major ethical obligations of investigators to research participants?

A

1) Informed consent
2) Debriefing
3) Protection from harm
4) Confidentiality

51
Q

What does ‘informed consent’ refer to?

A

Informing participants of all aspects of research in order to give consent to participate

52
Q

What does ‘debriefing’ refer to?

A

Revealing aspects of the study not revealed earlier. Ensuring they’re okay.

53
Q

What does ‘protection from harm’ refer to?

A

Do no harm to the individual, physically or psychologically and / or take necessary measures to rectify any damage

54
Q

What does ‘confidentiality’ refer to?

A

Keeping information private and confidential. Privacy legislate regulates this to some degree.

55
Q

What is culturally sensitive research?

A

Preparing, consulting and negotiating with participants and representatives such as elders when planning, implementing and disseminating research?

56
Q

Who owns the data gathered from information passed through generations?

A

The group the information belongs to, not the researcher.

57
Q

What area of development is concerned with aspects of self, social and interpersonal connections?

A

Psychosocial development

58
Q

Pat, a 35-year-old woman, is worried that if she and her husband do not have children soon, she will miss her
chance to be a parent. Pat is experiencing

A

The social clock

59
Q

Patterned events experienced by an individual over time are known as the:

A

Chronosystem

60
Q

Research that characterises human behaviour at different ages and traces how it changes with age is
consistent with which one of the broad goals of life span development research?

A

Description

61
Q

What is the study of gerontology?

A

The social, psychological, mental and biological aspects of ageing and later life

62
Q

Naturalistic observation is described as one in which:

A

Participants are observed while taking part in everyday activities in their natural environment

63
Q

What is the name of the measure ranging from +1.00 to –1.00 that measures the extent to which two
variables or attributes are systematically related to each other in a positive or negative way?

A

Correlation coefficient

64
Q

Australia’s National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and New Zealand’s Health Research
Council (HRC) require universities that conduct research with humans to do what?

A

Have ethics committees to determine if proposed research projects conform to ethical standards

Lifespan (3 decks)

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