Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

W.I.T.S. Sr Fitness > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain three theories of aging. (LO1)

A

Genetic
Damage
Gradual imbalance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the difference between chronological and biological aging? (LO2)

A

Chronological age: passing of time (how old you are).

Biological age: changes that occur to the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Identify 11 of the body’s organ systems. (LO3.1)

A
  1. Integumentary System (Skin)
  2. Skeletal System
  3. Muscular System
  4. Nervous System
  5. Endocrine System
  6. Cardiovascular System (Immune System)
  7. Lymphatic System (Immune System)
  8. Respiratory System
  9. Digestive System
  10. Urine System
  11. Reproductive System
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Explain the function of the Integumentary System (Skin). (LO3.1.1)

A

Functions include protection and temperature control.

LO3.1.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explain the function of the Skeletal System. (LO3.1.2)

A

Functions in support, protection, mineral storage, and blood cell production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain the function of the Muscular System. (LO3.1.3)

A

Functions in locomotion, support, and heat production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Explain the function of the Nervous System. (LO3.1.4)

A

a. Responds to internal and external stimuli.

b. Directs other systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain the function of the Endocrine System.

LO3.1.5

A

Directs long-term changes in activities of other systems

through hormone production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain the function of the Cardiovascular System (Immune

System). (LO3.1.6)

A

Transports materials throughout body tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain the function of the Lymphatic System. (LO3.1.7)

A

Defends against infection with 3 lines of defense.
i. First line: mechanical and chemical barriers; reflexes.
ii. Second line: inflammation; fever; protective proteins;
natural killer cells; phagocytes.
iii. Third line: B and T cells; lymphocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain the function of the Respiratory System. (LO3.1.8)

A

Provides oxygen to tissues and removes CO2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain the function of the Digestive System. (LO3.1.9)

A

Processes food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain the function of the Urine System. (LO3.1.10)

A

Eliminates excess water, salts and waste.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explain the function of the Reproductive System. (LO3.1.11)

A

a. Produces gametes and hormones.

b. Changes in males are gradual.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the age-related changes in the Integumentary

System (Skin). (LO3.2)

A

With aging:

a. Skin thins.
b. Melanin production decreases.
c. Cell activity declines.
d. Elastic and collagen fibers decrease.
e. Vitamin D synthesis decreases.
f. Volume of subcutaneous fat diminishes but proportion of body fat to lean muscle increases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the age-related changes in the Skeletal System. (LO3.2.2)

A

With aging:
a. Bone density/mass diminishes
b. Decline in hormone production affects skeleton.
c. Women lose approximately 8% of skeletal mass each
decade.
d. Men lose approximately 3% of skeletal mass each
decade.

17
Q

Describe the age-related changes in the Muscular System. (LO3.2.3)

A

System changes:
a. Muscular Hypertrophy: Increase in cross-sectional area
of muscle fibers.
b. Hyperplasia: Increase in number of muscle fibers.
c. Atrophy: Decrease in cross-sectional area of
muscle/fiber.
d. Muscle loses size, strength and elasticity with aging.
e. Bedridden senior can lose up to 3% per day.
f. Sarcopenia: loss of skeletal muscle mass; occurs after
age 30.
g. Satellite cells: Muscle cells with the capacity to fuse with
damaged cells and regenerate functional muscle fibers.
g. Number of satellite cells decreases with age
h. Ability to heal and repair after injury diminishes.
i. Type II muscle fibers decrease with age more quickly than Type I.
j. Results in decrease in maximum isometric contraction.

18
Q

Describe the age-related changes in the Nervous System. (LO3.2.4)

A

a. Anatomical changes begin by age 30.
b. Brain size and weight decrease with aging.
c. Blood flow to brain decreases due to atherosclerosis.
d. Quantity and capabilities of neurons decrease.
e. Changes are cumulative
f. Effects memory consolidation.
g. Reduces hearing, balance, vision, smell and taste acuity.
h. Slows reflex and reaction times.

19
Q

Describe the age-related changes in the Endocrine

System. (LO3.2.5)

A

a. Major hormones affected by aging include:
a. estrogen.
b. testosterone.
c. DHEA.
d.
e. Vitamin D
f. Melatonin (sleep/wake cycle).
g. Growth hormone.
b. Benefits and risks of HR T̶hormone replacement
therapy.

20
Q

Describe the age-related changes in the Cardiovascular

System. (LO3.2.6)

A

Changes associated with aging.
a. Cardiac output
b. Conduction efficiency
c. Elasticity decreases
d. Damaged cardiac muscle replaced by scar tissue.
e. Size of heart may atrophy or hypertrophy.
f. Arteriosclerosis develops
g. Increased risk for stroke and heart attack.
h. Valves work less efficiently.
i. Volume of red blood cells decrease.
j. Clots form more frequently.
k. Blood pools more easily.
l. Aerobic capacity decreases by 50% between the ages of
20 ‒ 80.

21
Q

Describe the age-related changes in the Lymphatic

System. (LO3.2.7)

A

a. Aging increases susceptibility for infections.
b. Nonspecific defenses (first and second lines) impaired.
c. Number of T and B cells decrease.
d. Antibody production decreases.
e. Chronic diseases may impair immunity.

22
Q

Describe the age-related changes in the Respiratory

System. (LO3.2.8)

A

With aging:
a. Elasticity of ribcage decreases
b. Lungs’ ability to inflate and deflate decreases.
c. VO2 max declines, which may be due to cardiovascular
deconditioning associated with lower levels of physical activity. Regular aerobic training slows the decline in VO2 max.
d. Emphysema and bronchitis are common.

23
Q

Describe the age-related changes in the Digestive System. (LO3.2.9)

A

With aging:

a. Tissues thin and become more fragile.
b. Frequent constipation and hemorrhoids.
c. Peristalsis slows and calcium absorption decreases.
d. Gall stones may be more prevalent.
e. Decrease in smooth muscle tissue along GI track slows movement and weakens contractions.

24
Q

Describe the age-related changes in the Urine System. (LO3.2.10)

A

Aging leads to:
a. Decreases in number of nephrons
b. Decreases in renal blood flow. Renal function declines
with age.
c. Decreases in kidney mass.
d. Reduction in muscles that regulates release of urine.

25
Q

Describe the age-related changes in the Reproductive

System. (LO3.2.11)

A

a. Changes in males are gradual.
b. Decrease testosterone.
c. Sperm production not affected.
d. Changes in females are dramatic.
e. Menopause-estrogen and progesterone levels decline.
f. Increased risk of osteoporosis with low estrogen.
g. Thinning of urethral and vaginal walls.

26
Q

What is Muscular Hypertophy? (LO3.2.3.1)

A

Muscular Hypertrophy is the increase in cross-sectional

area of muscle fibers.

27
Q

What is Hyperplasia? (LO3.2.3.2)

A

Hyperplasia is the increase in number of muscle fibers.

28
Q

What is Atrophy? (LO3.2.3.3)

A

Atrophy is the decrease in cross-sectional area of

muscle/fiber.

29
Q

What is Sarcopenia? When does it occur? (LO3.2.3.4)

A

Sarcopenia is the loss of skeletal muscle mass. It occurs

after age 30.

30
Q

What are Satellite Cells? (LO3.2.3.5)

A

Satellite cells are muscle cells with the capacity to fuse with damaged cells and regenerate functional muscle fibers. They decrease with age.

31
Q

What cells have the ability to heal and repair after injury

diminishes? (LO3.2.3.5.1)

A

Satellite Cells

32
Q

What causes blood flow to brain decrease? (LO3.2.6.1)

A

Atherosclerosis causes blood flow to brain decrease.

33
Q

What aids in slowing the decline in VO2 max? (LO3.2.8.1)

A

Regular aerobic training slows the decline in VO2 max.

W.I.T.S. Sr Fitness (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions