Chapter 1

Question 1

Differentiated Instruction

Answer 1

teaching that takes into account students’ abilities, prior knowledge, and challenges so that instruction matches not only the subject being taught but also the student’s needs

Question 2

Educational Psychology

Answer 2

the discipline concerned with teaching and learning processes; it applies the methods and theories of psychology and has its own as well

Question 3

Descriptive Studies

Answer 3

studies that collect detailed information about specific situations, often using observation, surveys, interviews, recordings, or a combinationn of these methods

Question 4

Ethnography

Answer 4

a descriptive approach to research that focuses onn lifer within a group and tries to understand the meaning of eventds to the people involved

Question 5

Participant Observation

Answer 5

a method for conducting descriptive research in which the researcher becomes a participant in the situaiton in order to understand life in that group

Question 6

Case Study

Answer 6

Intensive study of one person or one situation

Question 7

Correlation

Answer 7

statistical description of how closesly two variables are related

Question 8

Positive correlation

Answer 8

a relationship between two variables in which the two incnrease or decrease together

Question 9

Negative correlation

Answer 9

a relationship between two variables in which a value on one is associated with a low value on the other

Question 10

Experimentation

Answer 10

research method in which variables are maniuplated annd the effects are recorded

Question 11

Participants/subjects

Answer 11

people or animals being studied

Question 12

Random

Answer 12

Without any definite pattern; following no rule

Question 13

Quasi-experimental studies

Answer 13

Studies that fit most of the criteria for true experiments, with the important exceptoin that the participants are not assigned to groups at random. Instead, existinng groups such as classes or schools participate in experiements,.

Question 14

Statistically significant

Answer 14

not likely to be a chance occurence

Question 15

single subject experimental studies

Answer 15

systematic interventions to study effects with one person, often by applying and then withdrawing a treatment

Question 16

Microgenetic studies

Answer 16

Detailed observation and analysis of changes in a cognitive process as the process unfolds over several days or weeks

Question 17

Longitudinal studies

Answer 17

Studies that document changes that occur in subjects over time, often many years

Question 18

Cross-sectional studies

Answer 18

Studies that focus on groups of subjects at different ages rather than following the same group for many years

Question 19

Action research

Answer 19

Systematic observations or tests of methods that teachers or schools conduct to improve teaching and learning for their students

Question 20

Principle

Answer 20

Established relationship between factors

Question 21

Theory

Answer 21

Integrated statement of principles that attempts to explain a phenomena and make predictions

Question 22

Hypothesis

Answer 22

A prediction of what will happen in a research study based on theory and previous research

Question 23

Empirical

Answer 23

based on systematically collected data