Chapter 1

Question 1

Articulation, which comes from the human mouth, can be represented in writing. However, ____ rules determine the structure of the written utterance.

Answer 1

Punctuation

Question 2

The notion of what a word means in a speaker’s mind.

Answer 2

Sense

Question 3

Having no meaning of incomprehensible.

Answer 3

Nonsense.

Question 4

The relationship between the word and the world.

Answer 4

Reference

Question 5

Denotation describes an object, notion, or state of affairs.

Answer 5

Referential meaning*

Question 6

Identifies characteristics of the speaker and related situations from language.
(i.e. Saying “y’all” identified Southern American English)

Answer 6

Social meaning

Question 7

Connotes an emotion attached to language.

i.e. “harpy” negatively refers to a complaining woman

Answer 7

Affective meaning

Question 8

An utterance with a subject and a predicate.

Answer 8

Complete sentence

Question 9

An utterance that does not have all parts of a complete utterance but is comprehensible.

Answer 9

Incomplete sentence

Question 10

N is short for

Answer 10

Noun

Question 11

V is short for

Answer 11

Verb

Question 12

ADJ is short for

Answer 12

Adjective

Question 13

ADV is short for

Answer 13

Adverb

Question 14

PRO is short for

Answer 14

Pronoun

Question 15

DET is short for

Answer 15

Determiner

Question 16

An article (definite or indefinite), a demonstrative (such as “this”; “that”; “these”; “those”), or a possessive that appears in front of a noun and “determines” something about it, such as the noun’s informational newness, its proximity to the speaker, to whom the noun belongs, etc.

Answer 16

Determiner

Question 17

QUANT is short for

Answer 17

Quantifier

Question 18

A quasi-adjectival word that states the amount or quantity of whatever the noun it corefers to denotes (such as “all”; “another”; “both”; “no”; “many”; “less”; “lots”; ect).

Answer 18

Quantifier

Question 19

PREP is short for

Answer 19

Preposition

Question 20

A ____’s function identifies a person, place, or thing.

Answer 20

Noun

Question 21

The structure of a ____ allows it to take a possessive marker.

Answer 21

Noun

Question 22

The nucleus of a Noun Phrase (NP) is the ____.

Answer 22

Subject

Question 23

A ___’s function is to indicate states or conditions or show action.

Answer 23

Verb

Question 24

A ____ can hold tense, aspect, or mood.

Answer 24

Verb

Question 25

The nucleus of a Verb Phrase (VP) or predicate is the ____.

Answer 25

Verb

Question 26

An ____’s function is to describe, modify, limit, distinguish, and characterize nouns.

Answer 26

Adjective

Question 27

An ____ can take comparative or superlative suffixes.

Answer 27

Adjective

Question 28

A ____ is a part of the NP or can be within the predicate.
(i.e. The word “primary” in “We were not the primary participants” shows an ____ in the noun phrase. The word “dejected” in “He was dejected” shows an ____ in the predicate.)

Answer 28

Adjective

Question 29

The function of an ____ describes, modifies, limits, and distinguishes verbs.

Answer 29

Adverb

Question 30

An ____ can sometimes be suffixed with “-ly”.

Answer 30

Adverb

Question 31

The position of an ____ is flexible in syntax.
(i.e. You can use the word “obviously” in many ways within the same thought, such as, “Obviously that was a terrible thought”; “That was obviously a terrible thought”; and “That was a terrible idea, obviously.”)

Answer 31

Adverb

Question 32

Words such as “I/me”; “you/you”; “he/him”; “she/her”; “it/it”; “we/us”; and “they/them” are the ____ form of a pronoun.

Answer 32

Personal

Question 33

Words such as “myself”; “yourself”; “himself”; “herself”; itself”; “ourselves”; and “themselves” are the ____ form of a pronoun.

Answer 33

Reflexive

Question 34

Words such as “mine”; “yours”; “his”; “hers”; “its”;” ours”; and “theirs” are the ____ form of a pronoun.

Answer 34

Possessive

Question 35

“Each other” is the ____ form of a pronoun.

Answer 35

Reciprocal

Question 36

Words such as “who”; “which”; “what”; “whose”; “where”; “when”; “why”; and “that” are the ____ form of a pronoun.

Answer 36

Relative/Interrogive

Question 37

Phrases such as “this [one]”; “these [ones]”; “that [one]”; and “those [ones]: are the ____ form of a pronoun.

Answer 37

Demonstrative.

Question 38

Words such as “anyone”; “someone”; “no one”; “anything”; “something”; and “nothing” are the ____ form of a pronoun.

Answer 38

Indefinite

Question 39

The function of a ____ orients the NP in time, space, or degree.

Answer 39

Preposition

Question 40

A ____ holds the smallest unit of meaning.

Answer 40

Preposition

Question 41

The ____ introduces the PP before the NP.

Answer 41

Preposition

Question 42

The different functions that a form can perform are the ____.

Answer 42

Case

Question 43

“I” in “I had been expecting Jitty” is an example of “I” in the ____ case.

Answer 43

Subject case

Question 44

“Me” in “Millie took pitty on me” is an example of “me” in the ____ case.

Answer 44

Object case

Question 45

“Mine” in “I saw mine at the bottom of the stack” is an example of “mine” in the ____ case.

Answer 45

Possessive

Question 46

The study of sounds made in the production of human speech.

Answer 46

Articulatory phonetics

Question 47

The study of the physics of sound waves.

Answer 47

Acoustic phonetics

Question 48

The study of perception of sounds by the human ear and the interpretation in the brain.

Answer 48

Auditory phonetics

Question 49

The study of the systematic and meaningful structuring of sounds in languages.

Answer 49

Phonology

Question 50

The actual sound of a language.

Answer 50

Phone

Question 51

The abstract unit of sound distinguishing meaning.

Answer 51

Phoneme

Question 52

Variation of a phoneme in a particular linguistic environment.

Answer 52

Allophone

Question 53

The spelling system of a language.

Answer 53

Orthography