Chapter 1 Flashcards
Articulation, which comes from the human mouth, can be represented in writing. However, ____ rules determine the structure of the written utterance.
Punctuation
The notion of what a word means in a speaker’s mind.
Sense
Having no meaning of incomprehensible.
Nonsense.
The relationship between the word and the world.
Reference
Denotation describes an object, notion, or state of affairs.
Referential meaning*
Identifies characteristics of the speaker and related situations from language.
(i.e. Saying “y’all” identified Southern American English)
Social meaning
Connotes an emotion attached to language.
i.e. “harpy” negatively refers to a complaining woman
Affective meaning
An utterance with a subject and a predicate.
Complete sentence
An utterance that does not have all parts of a complete utterance but is comprehensible.
Incomplete sentence
N is short for
Noun
V is short for
Verb
ADJ is short for
Adjective
ADV is short for
Adverb
PRO is short for
Pronoun
DET is short for
Determiner
An article (definite or indefinite), a demonstrative (such as “this”; “that”; “these”; “those”), or a possessive that appears in front of a noun and “determines” something about it, such as the noun’s informational newness, its proximity to the speaker, to whom the noun belongs, etc.
Determiner
QUANT is short for
Quantifier
A quasi-adjectival word that states the amount or quantity of whatever the noun it corefers to denotes (such as “all”; “another”; “both”; “no”; “many”; “less”; “lots”; ect).
Quantifier
PREP is short for
Preposition
A ____’s function identifies a person, place, or thing.
Noun
The structure of a ____ allows it to take a possessive marker.
Noun
The nucleus of a Noun Phrase (NP) is the ____.
Subject
A ___’s function is to indicate states or conditions or show action.
Verb
A ____ can hold tense, aspect, or mood.
Verb
The nucleus of a Verb Phrase (VP) or predicate is the ____.
Verb
An ____’s function is to describe, modify, limit, distinguish, and characterize nouns.
Adjective
An ____ can take comparative or superlative suffixes.
Adjective
A ____ is a part of the NP or can be within the predicate.
(i.e. The word “primary” in “We were not the primary participants” shows an ____ in the noun phrase. The word “dejected” in “He was dejected” shows an ____ in the predicate.)
Adjective
The function of an ____ describes, modifies, limits, and distinguishes verbs.
Adverb
An ____ can sometimes be suffixed with “-ly”.
Adverb
The position of an ____ is flexible in syntax.
(i.e. You can use the word “obviously” in many ways within the same thought, such as, “Obviously that was a terrible thought”; “That was obviously a terrible thought”; and “That was a terrible idea, obviously.”)
Adverb
Words such as “I/me”; “you/you”; “he/him”; “she/her”; “it/it”; “we/us”; and “they/them” are the ____ form of a pronoun.
Personal
Words such as “myself”; “yourself”; “himself”; “herself”; itself”; “ourselves”; and “themselves” are the ____ form of a pronoun.
Reflexive
Words such as “mine”; “yours”; “his”; “hers”; “its”;” ours”; and “theirs” are the ____ form of a pronoun.
Possessive
“Each other” is the ____ form of a pronoun.
Reciprocal
Words such as “who”; “which”; “what”; “whose”; “where”; “when”; “why”; and “that” are the ____ form of a pronoun.
Relative/Interrogive
Phrases such as “this [one]”; “these [ones]”; “that [one]”; and “those [ones]: are the ____ form of a pronoun.
Demonstrative.
Words such as “anyone”; “someone”; “no one”; “anything”; “something”; and “nothing” are the ____ form of a pronoun.
Indefinite
The function of a ____ orients the NP in time, space, or degree.
Preposition
A ____ holds the smallest unit of meaning.
Preposition
The ____ introduces the PP before the NP.
Preposition
The different functions that a form can perform are the ____.
Case
“I” in “I had been expecting Jitty” is an example of “I” in the ____ case.
Subject case
“Me” in “Millie took pitty on me” is an example of “me” in the ____ case.
Object case
“Mine” in “I saw mine at the bottom of the stack” is an example of “mine” in the ____ case.
Possessive
The study of sounds made in the production of human speech.
Articulatory phonetics
The study of the physics of sound waves.
Acoustic phonetics
The study of perception of sounds by the human ear and the interpretation in the brain.
Auditory phonetics
The study of the systematic and meaningful structuring of sounds in languages.
Phonology
The actual sound of a language.
Phone
The abstract unit of sound distinguishing meaning.
Phoneme
Variation of a phoneme in a particular linguistic environment.
Allophone
The spelling system of a language.
Orthography
