Chapter 1

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

The process by which changes in behavior arise as the result of experience interacting with the world

Question 2

Memory

Answer 2

The record of our past experience which are acquired through learning

Question 3

Describe what happened to Clive Wearing

Answer 3

He had syphlitis and ended up damaging a a portion of the brain where he can’t make any new memories. He can still learning though. He can’t recall.

Question 4

Put the philosophers in order by date.

Answer 4

Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Locke, Leibniz, Darwin, James, Pavlov

Question 5

Nativist

Answer 5

Human are shaped primarily by their biological inheritance (nature).

Question 6

Philosophers that were nativists

Answer 6

Plato and Descartes

Question 7

Empiricists

Answer 7

Humans are shaped primarily by their experience (nurture)

Question 8

Philosophers that were empiricists

Answer 8

Aristotle and Locke

Question 9

Tabula Rasa

Answer 9

We are born with blank slates

Question 10

Dualism

Answer 10

Immaterial soul + mechanical body

Question 11

Who came up with dualism?

Answer 11

Descartes

Question 12

Mechanical side

Answer 12

Our bodily similarity to machines and non-human animals

Question 13

Immaterial soul

Answer 13

Our ability to think and freely make decisions

Question 14

Rules of association

Answer 14

Contiguity, frequency, Similarity

Question 15

Who came up with the rules of association?

Answer 15

Aristotle

Question 16

Contiguity

Answer 16

Experiences near each other in time/space are joined together

Question 17

Frequency

Answer 17

Experiences often repeated are connected more strongly

Question 18

Similarity

Answer 18

Experiences similar to one another are connected

Question 19

William James

Answer 19

Isolated experiences and connected them to learn

Question 20

Evolution

Answer 20

The theory that species. can change overtime. and that all existing species are descendant of common ancestors.

Question 21

natural selection

Answer 21

The notion that heritable traits that provide reproductive advantages become more common in a population, leading overtime to changes in existing species and even the evolution of new species.

Question 22

Darwin’s three criteria for traits to evolve through natural selection

Answer 22

Inheritable trait, natural variability, relevance to survival

Question 23

How did Ebbinghaus study memory

Answer 23

Empirically (collecting data), manipulating independent and the outcomes of the dependents ( experimental), Quantitative (expressed observations numerically)

Question 24

What did Ebbinghaus do?

Answer 24

He studied nonsense words and timed and tested himself to see how long it took for him to know the words.

Question 25

What does exponential forgetting curve show?

Answer 25

Rapid initial forgetting, but progressively less forgetting with time.

Question 26

What happened in Pavlov’s study?

Answer 26

He came up with classical conditioning by conditioning dogs to salivate by associating food to a doorbell.

Question 27

What happened in Thorndike’s study?

Answer 27

He placed cats into a small chamber they didn’t like with a pulley system that allowed them to escape. At first the cat escaped by accident but overtime they learned.

Question 28

Law of effect

Answer 28

Behaviors with positive effects are repeated; behaviors with negative effects are not.

Question 29

Who are behaviorists?

Answer 29

Watson, Hull, Skinner

Question 30

What do behaviorist think about mental processes?

Answer 30

They think they are subjective and irrelevant.

Question 31

What happened in Tolman’s study

Answer 31

He showed that the cause and effect of the stimulus to response misses something. Rats that were trained for one way in the maze can still find their way when the normal path is blocked.