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chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is biology?

A

the study of living things, the science of life.

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2
Q

what are the six kingdoms?

A 
Archaebacteria.
Eubacteria.
Protista.
Fungi.
Plantae.
Animalia.
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3
Q

which kingdom do humans belong to?

A

animalia

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4
Q

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote

A

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus. Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle. Prokaryotes include two groups: bacteria and another group called archaea.

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5
Q

All life defining properties must be exclusive to living things. What are the 5 properties?

A
  1. Cellular organization
    All living things are comprised of at least one cell.
  2. Metabolism
    All living things process energy which is used to power other processes
  3. Homeostasis
    All living things maintain relatively stable internal environments to optimize conditions for metabolism and other processes.
  4. Growth and reproduction
    All organisms have the capacity for growth and reproduction.
  5. Heredity
    All organisms pass genetic information to future generations from parents and offspring
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6
Q

Emergent properties

A

At higher levels of the living hierarchy, new properties become apparent that were absent at lower levels (Metabolism, Consciousness)

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7
Q

What are the three levels of organization?

A

Cellular, Organismal, Populational

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8
Q

What are the levels of cellular organization?

A
  1. Atoms (Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen)
  2. Molecule (Adenine, Proteins)
  3. Macromolecule (DNA)
  4. Organelle (Nucleus)
  5. Cell (Nerve cell)
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9
Q

What are the levels of organismal organization?

A
  1. Tissue (Nerve Tissue)
  2. Organ (Brain)
  3. Organ system (Nervous system)
  4. Organism
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10
Q

What are the levels of populational organization?

A
  1. Population
  2. Species
  3. Community
  4. Ecosystem (Interaction with environment)
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11
Q

What are the five main biological themes?

A

evolution (genetic change in a species over time -> natural selection), the flow of energy, cooperation, structure determines function, homeostasis (steady-state)

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12
Q

What are the six stages of the scientific process?

A
  1. Observation
  2. Hypothesis
  3. Predictions
  4. Testing
  5. Controls
  6. Conclusion
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13
Q

Define observation

A

most important part

Science begins with careful observation of natural phenomena.

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14
Q

Define hypothesis

A

Scientists make an educated guess that might be true.

Often scientists formulate multiple ideas about a phenomenon; these are called alternative hypotheses.

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15
Q

Define predictions

A

If a hypothesis is correct, then specific consequences can be expected.

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16
Q

Define testing

A

Scientists conduct experiments to attempt to verify predictions made by hypotheses.

17
Q

Define controls

A

Experiments usually employ a parallel design.
Scientists use a control to assess the influence of potential factors, called variables.
Conditions stay the same in the control in comparison to the variable condition.

18
Q

Define conclusion

A

A hypothesis that has been tested and not rejected is tentatively accepted.

19
Q

What is a theory?

A

A theory represents certainty and is a unifying explanation for a broad range of observations.

20
Q

What are the limitations of science?

A

It is limited to organisms and processes that can be observed and measured.
Supernatural and religious phenomena are beyond the scope of science.
There are also practical limits.
Science cannot be relied upon to solve all problems.

21
Q

What are the four theories?

A

cell, gene, evolution, hereditary

22
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

All organisms are composed of at least one cell.
The cell is the most basic unit of life.
All cells come from pre-existing cells.

23
Q

What is the gene theory?

A

Genetic information is encoded in molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Genes encode specific proteins or RNA or act to regulate other genes.
The proteins and RNA encoded by an organism’s genes determine what it will be like in terms of form and function
DNA is the genetic material which has different genetic coding that attributes to variability

24
Q

What is the evolution theory?

A

All organisms are related to one another in a common tree of descent.
The six kingdoms of life are grouped into three domains
Theory of evolutions the unity and diversity of life.
Charles Darwin attributed evolution to natural selection.
Organisms best able to respond to the challenges of living will leave more offspring, thus their traits become more common in the population.
Scientists have been able to identify changes in individual genes that are responsible for differences among individuals

25
Q

What is the hereditary theory?

A

Genes are passed down generations as discrete units
Mendel’s theory of heredity gave rise to the field of genetics
Chromosomal theory of inheritance located Mendelian genes on chromosomes

bio 101 (3 decks)

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