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MCAT Biology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

How do bacteria compare to eukaryotic cells?

A

Outnumber them 10 to 1

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2
Q

What does the function of a tissue depend on?

A

The function of the cell it is made of

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3
Q

What are the parts of the cell theory?

A

1) All living things composed of cells
2) Cell is the basic functional unit of life
3) Cells arise only from pre existing cells
4) cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA and it is passed from parent to daughter cell

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4
Q

Why are viruses not living organisms?

A

They cannot replicate on their own and do no usually contain RNA

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5
Q

Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic contain a true nucleus

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6
Q

How to eukaryotic cells reproduce?

A

Mitosis

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7
Q

What do nuclear pores allow for?

A

Selective change of material between cytoplasm and nucleus

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8
Q

What are the coding regions of DNA?

A

Genes

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9
Q

How are linear chromosomes formed?

A

Linear DNA wrapped around proteins called histones then wound further into linear chromosomes

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10
Q

What does location of DNA in nucleus allow for?

A

Compartmentalization of DNA transcription separate from translation

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11
Q

What is the site of rRNA synthesis?

A

Nucleolus

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12
Q

How do mitochondria replicate?

A

Through fission

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13
Q

What does the mitochondria initiate?

A

Apoptosis

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14
Q

What do lysosomes contain?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes that break down substrates

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15
Q

What happens when lysosomes release their hydrolytic enzymes?

A

Results in apoptosis

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16
Q

Functions of smooth ER

A

Detoxification
Allows for transport of proteins between RER and Golgi
Synthesizes lipids

17
Q

Function of Golgi

A

Receives things from ER and performs modification by adding things like carbs, phosphates, and sulfates

18
Q

Why does the Golgi add signal sequences?

A

Ensure the products travel to a specific location

19
Q

What happens after modification by the Golgi?

A

Products are put into vesicles and sent to respective cell locations

20
Q

How do products leave the cell thru vesicles?

A

The vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and are released via exocytosis

21
Q

What do peroxisomes contain?

A

Hydrogen peroxide

22
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

Break down FAs via beta oxidation
Synthesize phospholipids
Contain enzymes involved in pentose phosphate pathway

23
Q

What is the cytoskeleton composed of?

A

Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments

24
Q

What are microfilaments made of?

A

Rods of actin that are organized into bundles and resistant to compression and fracture

25
Q

How do microfilaments generate energy for movement?

A

By using ATP to interact wth myosin like in muscle contractions

26
Q

How are microfilaments involved in mitosis?

A

Cleavage furrow in mitosis is formed from microfilaments which organize as a ring at the site of cell division

27
Q

What happens when actin contracts?

A

The ring that was formed by microfilaments becomes smaller and pinches off connection between the cells in mitosis

28
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Hollow polymers of tubular proteins

29
Q

Function of microtubules?

A

Radiate throughout the cell, providing pathway thru which motor proteins (kinesis and dynein) carry vesicles

30
Q

What are cilia and flagella?

A

Both are motile structures composed of microtubules
Cilia primarily move materials along cell surface (e.g. in respiratory tract)
Flagella move actual cell (e.g. sperm)

31
Q

What is the overall structure of cilia and flagella

A

9+2

This structure seen only in eukaryotic organelles of motility

32
Q

What are contrioles and where are they found?

A

Found in centrosome

Organizing centers of microtubules

33
Q

Structure of centrioles?

A

9 triplets of microtubules with hollow center

34
Q

What do centrioles do during mitosis?

A

Travel to opposite sides of dividing cell to stabilize mitotic spindle

35
Q

What do the microtubules attached to centrioles do?

A

Attached to kinetochores and Pull sister chromatids apart

36
Q

Examples of intermediate filaments?

A

Keratin, desmin, vimentin, and lamins

MCAT Biology (1 decks)

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