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Surfactants In cosmetics > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The six functional categories for surfactants

A 
Cleansing agents
Emulsifying agents
Foam booster
Hydrotropes
Solubilizing agents
Suspending agents
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2
Q

(T/F) Alkylamido alkyl amines are soluble in water?

A

True, generally sold as salts or free acids and compatible with most cosmetic surfactants

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3
Q

(T/F) alkylamido alkyl amines are good cleansing agents and emulsify ingredients readily

A

False

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4
Q

Alkyl substituted amino acids _____ copiously, especially above their isoelectric point

A

Foam; at low pH they behave like cationics and foam poorly

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5
Q

The five major classes of ionic surfactants

A 
Acylated amino acids and acyl peptides
Carboxylic acids and salts
Sulfonic acid derivatives
Sulfuric acid derivatives
Phosphoric acid derivatives
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6
Q

(T/F) Alkylamido alkyl amines are soluble in water?

A

True, generally sold as salts or free acids and compatible with most cosmetic surfactants

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7
Q

(T/F) alkylamido alkyl amines are good cleansing agents and emulsify ingredients readily

A

False

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8
Q

Alkyl substituted amino acids _____ copiously, especially above their isoelectric point

A

Foam; at low pH they behave like cationics and foam poorly

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9
Q

The five major classes of ionic surfactants

A 
Acylated amino acids and acyl peptides
Carboxylic acids and salts
Sulfonic acid derivatives
Sulfuric acid derivatives
Phosphoric acid derivatives
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10
Q

Acyl sarcosinates act like soaps due to:

A

Their carboxyl group has a lower pKa than typical fatty acids

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11
Q

Acylated amino acids interact readily with hair due to:

A

Protein-protein interaction unrelated to charge

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12
Q

Acylated amino acids are prone to spoilage from

A

Microbial attack

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13
Q

Which fatty acid salts are more soluble potassium or sodium?

A

Potassium

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14
Q

The reason fatty acid salts form soap scum

A

They precipitate in aqueous systems

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15
Q

Water soluble soaps (fatty acid salts) are under the surfactant class

A

Cleansing agent

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16
Q

Insoluble fatty acids salts (e.g. zinc laurate) are used as:

A

Lubricating solids to improve flow properties, act as binders, and increase viscosity in non aqueous systems

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17
Q

Water soluble soap salts form what type of emulsion

A

O/w

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18
Q

Water insoluble soaps form what type of emulsion

A

W/o

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19
Q

Ether-functional carboxylic acids are known to:

A

Reduce skin irritation potential of other anionic surfactants and are generally milder themselves

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20
Q

In aqueous solutions, isothionates and taurates:

A

Tend to undergo self hydrolysis

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21
Q

Alkylaryl sulfonates are very useful as:

A

Hydrotropes as they can enhance water solubility of other surfactants especially in the presence of inorganic detergent builders

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22
Q

Alkylaryl sulfonates are often blended with conditioning agents because:

A

They leave an unpleasant taut sensation on the skin

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23
Q

Sulfosuccinic acid is subject to hydrolysis :

A

At extreme ph levels

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24
Q

Sodium cocomonoglyceride sulfonate is commonly used in:

A

Dentifrices (powder or paste for cleaning teeth)

25
Q

Sulfuric acid derivatives are not used at acidic ph due to

A

Hydrolysis

26
Q

Alkyl sulfates generally form complexes with

A

Quaternaries or cationics

27
Q

Interest in phosphoric acid esters has increased due to:

A

Reports that they elicit less irritation on skin than analogous esters of sulfuric acid

28
Q

The solubility of the resulting phosphate ester is predetermined by:

A

The polarity of the starting alcohol

29
Q

Phosphate esters are resistant to hydrolysis except under

A

Extremely low pH levels

30
Q

Define Lecithin and where are they commonly obtained

A

Phosphatide that has been esterified with a positively charge choline.
Lecithin is isolated from natural sources such as eggs or soybeans

31
Q

Name the three sub groups of cationics surfactants

A

Quaternaries
Alkyl amines
Alkyl imidazolines

32
Q

Quaternaries are typically used at low levels for:

A

Conditioning or antimicrobial effects

33
Q

Benzalkonium chloride is a great ______ the effect of which is dependent upon ______

A

Antimicrobial agent

Length of the alkyl chain (C10-C14 most effective)

34
Q

Benzalkonium salts are not compatible with:

A

Anionic surfactants

35
Q

Alkyl betaines must be purified carefully or they will be contaminated with

A

Starting materials (alkyldimethylamine and chloroacetic acid) and glycolic acid

36
Q

Betaines are compatible with all surfactants but may for complexes with:

A

Anionics near their isoelectric pH

37
Q

Betaines are often used in baby shampoos due to their ____

A

Mildness and ability to lower irritation of anionics

38
Q

Which surfactant is reported to reduce the protein swelling of hair and reduce irritation potential of alkyl sulfates

A

Betaines

39
Q

Alkyl amines are generally basic and not compatible with _____, ethoxylation increases their compatibility with ______ (usually)

A

Anionics

40
Q

As a group alkylamines are used as:

A

Emulsifying and dispersing agent’s

41
Q

Name the five subgroups of nonionics

A 
Alcohols
Esters
Ethers
Alkanolamides
Amine Oxides
42
Q

Care is needed when using alcohols because they can

A

Recrystallize

43
Q

(T/F)

Alcohols can be used as primary surfactants

A

False, but they can contribute surfactant like properties in the presence of other amphiphiles

44
Q

Ethoxylated glycerides are under the surfactant classes:

A

Emulsifier, suspending agent, and solubilizer

45
Q

When monogylcerides are added viscosity usually

A

Increases

46
Q

Surfactant class of polyglyceryl esters

A

Emulsifier

47
Q

What is the typical alkyl chain length of primary alcohols used as surfactants?

A

8-18

48
Q

Polyglycerol esters primary surfactant class

A

Emulsifying agent

49
Q

Ethoxylated carboxylic acids surfactant class and uses

A

Emulsifying and solubilizing agents. Also useful as opacifying agents

50
Q

In general, nonionics HLB depends on

A

The degree of ethoxylation

51
Q

Surfactant class of sorbitan esters

A

Emulsifiers and solubilizer

52
Q

Surfactant class of ethoxylated polysiloxanes

A

Emulsifying agents especially for silicone oils

53
Q

Surfactant class of ethoxylated lanolin and castor oil

A

Emulsifier, solubilizer, suspending agent and skin cleanser

54
Q

Alkyl glycosides exhibit low stability at

A

Low pH levels due to the acetal moiety

55
Q

POE/PPG ether surfactant class

A

Emulsifiers, solubilizer, and lime soap dispersants.

56
Q

Which surfactant has been considered safe for parenteral nutrition emulsions?

A

PPG/POE ethers

57
Q

Alkanolamide surfactant class

A

Foam boosters and foam stabilizers

58
Q

Amine oxides surfactant class

A

Foam boosters and lime soap dispersants

59
Q

Which surfactant is typically used in hair-coloring products and reduces skin irritation of anionic surfactants

A

Amine oxides

Surfactants In cosmetics (2 decks)

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