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Development Psychology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Development

A

Can be defined as systematic changes and continuities in the individual that occur between conception and death, or from “womb to tomb”

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2
Q

Growth

A

The physical changes that occur from conception to maturity

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3
Q

Biological aging

A

Is the deterioration of organisms (including humans) that leads inevitably to death

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4
Q

Depression

A

Low self esteem in adolescents can lead to depression

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5
Q

Aging

A

Involves more than biological aging; it refers to a range of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes, positive and negative in the mature organism

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6
Q

Emerging adulthood

A

A transitional period between adolescence and full-fledge adulthood that extends from about the age 18 to age 25( maybe as late as 29)

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7
Q

Age grade

A

Each socially defined age group in a society.

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8
Q

Rite of passage

A

Is a ritual that marks a Person’s passage from one status to another, usually in reference to the transition from childhood to adulthood.

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9
Q

Age norms

A

Expectations are society’s way of telling people how to act their age

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10
Q

Social clock

A

A persons sense when things should be done and when he or she is ahead of behind the schedule dictated by age norms

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11
Q

Ethnicity

A

People’s classification or affiliation with a group based on common heritage or traditions

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12
Q

Socioeconomic status (SES)

A

Standing in society based on such indicators as occupational prestige, education, and income

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13
Q

Adolescence

A

The transitional period between childhood and adulthood that begins with puberty and involves significant physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes -recognized as a distinct phase of the life span

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14
Q

Life expectancy

A

For a newborn in the United States-the average number of years a newborn who is born now is expected to live -is 78 years, compared with 47 years in 1900

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15
Q

Nature-nurture issue

A

The questioned how biological forces and environmental act and interact to make us what we are

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16
Q

Maturation

A

The biological unfolding of the individual according to a blueprint contained in the genes

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17
Q

Genes

A

The hereditary material passed from the parents to child at conception

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18
Q

Environment

A

All the external physical and social conditions, stimuli, and events that can affect us, from crowded living quarters and polluted air, to social interactions with family members , peers, and teachers, to the neighborhood and broader cultural context it which we develop.

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19
Q

Learning

A

The process through which experience brings about relatively permanent changes in thoughts, feelings, or behavior.

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20
Q

Evidence-based practice

A

Grounding what they do in research and ensuring that the curricula and treatments they provide have been demonstrated to be effective

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21
Q

Storm and stress

A

A tempestuous period of the life span, a time of emotional ups and downs and rapid changes during the time of adolescence

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22
Q

Gerontology

A

The study of aging and old age

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23
Q

Life-span perspective

A

Seven key assumptions by Paul bales

  • development is a lifelong process
  • development is multidirectional
  • development involves both gain and loss
  • development is characterized by life long plasticity
  • development is shaped by its historical-cultural context
  • development is multiply influenced
  • development must be studied by. Multiple disciplines
24
Q

Plasticity

A

Refers to the capacity to change in response to experience, whether positive or negative

25
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The brains remarkable ability to change n response to experience throughout the life span

26
Q

Scientific method

A

.involves a process of generating ideas and testing them by making observations

27
Q

Theory

A

A set of concepts and propositions intended to describe and explain certain phenomena.

28
Q

Hypothesis

A

Educated prediction

29
Q

Sample

A

.a group of individuals studied with the intention of generalizing the results to larger population

30
Q

Random sample

A

A sample formed by identifying all members of a larger population, and then by random means selecting a portion of the population to study

31
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

.involves observing people in their everyday surroundings

32
Q

Structured observation

A

They create special stimuli, tasks, or situations designed to elicit the behavior of interest

33
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

.a brain scanning technique that uses magnetic forces to measure the increase in blood flow to an area of the brain that occurs when that area is activer

34
Q

Case study

A

Is an in depth examination of an individual (or a small number of individuals) typically carried out by a compiling and analyzing information from a variety of sources, such as observation, testing, and interviewing the person or people who know her.

35
Q

Experiment

A

An investigator manipulates or alters some aspect of the environment to see how this affects the behavior of the sample of individuals studied

36
Q

Independent variable

Dependent variable

A

The variable manipulated so that it’s casual effects can be assessed- have different effects on the behavior expected to be affected, the dependent variable

37
Q

Random assignment

A

Participants to different experimental conditions example picking out a jar the assignment

38
Q

Experimental control

A

All factors other than the independent variable are controlled or held constant so they cannot contribute to differences among the treatment groups

39
Q

Correlational method

A

Generally involves determining whether two or more variables are related in a systematic way

40
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

An index of the extent to which individuals score on one variable are systematically associated with their scores on another variable

41
Q

Directionality problem

A

.the relationship of the cause effect relationship could be the reverse of what the researcher thinks it is
(One important rival interpretation in most correlational studies)

42
Q

Third variable problem

A

The association between the two variables of interest may be caused by some third variable

(A second rival interpretation in correlational studies)

43
Q

Meta-analysis

A

The results of multiple studies addressing the same question can be synthesized to produce overall conclusion through the research method of Meta analysis

44
Q

Cross-sectional design

A

The performance of people of different age groups, or cohorts, are compared.

45
Q

Cohort

A

Is a group of individuals born at the same time, either in the same year or within a specified span of years (for example a generation is a cohort)

46
Q

Age effects

A

Are the relationship between age (a rough proxy for changes brought about by nature and nurture) and a particular aspect of development

47
Q

Cohort effects

A

Are the effects of being born as member of a particular cohort or generation in a particular historical context

48
Q

Longitudinal design

A

One cohort of individuals is assessed repeatedly over time

49
Q

Baby boom generation

A

The huge cohort born after world war 2 between 1946 and 1964

50
Q

Millennials

A

.also called the generation Y or the “boomlet” generation born from 1982 to 2004

51
Q

Time of measurements effects

A

.in developmental research are the effects of historical events and tends occurring when the data are collected

(For example effects of an economic recession, a traumatic event like 9/11, advances in healthcare, or invention of personal computers and the internet)

52
Q

Sequential design

A

Combines the cross-sectional approach and the longitudinal approach in a single study

53
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The belief that ones own group and it’s culture I are superior

54
Q

Research ethics

A

The standards of conduct that investigators are ethically bound to honor to protect their research participants from physical or psychological harm.

55
Q

Most commonly used techniques to collect data about human development

A
  • verbal report measures
  • behavioral observation
  • physiological measures
55
Q

The DeLouche study has three critical features shared by any true experiment

A
  • Random assignment
  • manipulation of the independent variable
  • experimental control

Development Psychology (1 decks)

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