chapter 1 Flashcards
Physiology
study of biological function (normally, in homeostasis)
pathophysiology
study of diseased states of the body (abnormal; when something in the boy is not in homeostasis)
Homeostasis
- state of dynamic constancy in the international environment
- different for each variable of the body (often a dramatic change in one variable means over variables fall out of homeostasis as well)
examples of homeostasis
- blood pressure
- pH
- glucose
Homeostatic control systems
-neg and positive feedback systems
set points and example
value for which a variable operates optimally (glucose set point is 90)
-temp too
Dynamic Constancy (feedback system)
- Correction in opposite direction of deviation-move it back to set point
- Continuous process, always fine adjustments to stay in homeostasis
Negative Feedback Loops
Pathway
A) Sensors in the body to detect change and send information
B) Integrating center, which assesses change around a set point.
C) Effector, which can make the appropriate adjustments to counter the change from the set-point
basically when something is out of wack your body has to counteract that w something else so it can go back to normal
Positive feed back
- Stimulus causes deviation from set point (have to get rid of stimulus to get back to set point)
- Cellular response amplifies deviation
- Further deviation leads to additional cellular response
- And so on and so on until stimulus stops
* end product stimulates process
When you’re having a baby you hav contractions and you keep having them until the baby comes out
Intrinsically regulating the body
Cells within the organ sense a change and signal to neighboring cells to respond
Extrinsically regulating the body
The brain (or other organs) regulates an organ using the endocrine or nervous system. (nervous and endocrine systems are the control systems!!!***)
4 types of cells
muscle cells, neurons, epithelial cells, connective tissue cells
muscle cells and tissue function and types (3) and if they’re voluntary or involuntary
-generate mechanical force
3 types:
- skeletal=voluntary
- Cardiac=involuntary
- Smooth=involuntary
Neuron and Nervous tissue function and what they make up
Neuron: conduct electrical signals (impulses) to other cells
Make up the:
- brain
- spinal cord
- nerves
Epithelial cells and tissues location
-linings and coverings of organs and cavities
- shape and type of epithelial cell vary per location in the body
- structure and function may differ on one side of the cell compared to the other (apical vs. Basal)
Epithelial cells and tissues specialized for and type??
- Secretion and absorption (single layer-simple epithelium)
- Protection (multiple layer-stratified epithelium)
Connective cells and tissues function,
Connect, anchor and support structures in the body
connective cells and tissue kind
- Bone
- Cartilage
- Connective tissue proper (protein/collagen fibers, adipose tissue)
- Blood
Connective cells and tissue structure
extracellular or connective tissue ‘matrix’ lies between all the types of connective cells
Hierarchy
- tissues :an aggregate of similar cells
- Organs: composed of 2 or more tissue types, some are made up of functional units
- Organ system: collection of organs that work together to form an overall function
Body fluids solution of…
-watery solution of dissolved oxygen, nutrients, waste
body fluids (2 compartments for the fluid)
- Intracellular fluids (cytosol) 65% of ALL fluid
- Extracellular fluids (plasma, interstitial fluids)
integumentary
protection, thermoregulation
nervous
regulation of other body systems
endocrine
secretion of regulatory molecules called hormones
skeletal
movement and support
muscular
movement of the skeleton
circulatory
movement of blood and lymph
immune
defense of the body against invading pathogens
respiratory
gas exchange
urinary
regulation of blood volume and composition
digestive
breakdown of food into molecules that enter the body
reproductive
continuation of the human species
