chapter 1

Question 1

Physiology

Answer 1

study of biological function (normally, in homeostasis)

Question 2

pathophysiology

Answer 2

study of diseased states of the body (abnormal; when something in the boy is not in homeostasis)

Question 3

Homeostasis

Answer 3

• state of dynamic constancy in the international environment
• different for each variable of the body (often a dramatic change in one variable means over variables fall out of homeostasis as well)

Question 4

examples of homeostasis

Answer 4

• blood pressure
• pH
• glucose

Question 5

Homeostatic control systems

Answer 5

-neg and positive feedback systems

Question 6

set points and example

Answer 6

value for which a variable operates optimally (glucose set point is 90)
-temp too

Question 7

Dynamic Constancy (feedback system)

Answer 7

• Correction in opposite direction of deviation-move it back to set point
• Continuous process, always fine adjustments to stay in homeostasis

Question 8

Negative Feedback Loops

Answer 8

Pathway
A) Sensors in the body to detect change and send information
B) Integrating center, which assesses change around a set point.
C) Effector, which can make the appropriate adjustments to counter the change from the set-point

basically when something is out of wack your body has to counteract that w something else so it can go back to normal

Question 9

Positive feed back

Answer 9

1. Stimulus causes deviation from set point (have to get rid of stimulus to get back to set point)
2. Cellular response amplifies deviation
3. Further deviation leads to additional cellular response
4. And so on and so on until stimulus stops
   * end product stimulates process

When you’re having a baby you hav contractions and you keep having them until the baby comes out

Question 10

Intrinsically regulating the body

Answer 10

Cells within the organ sense a change and signal to neighboring cells to respond

Question 11

Extrinsically regulating the body

Answer 11

The brain (or other organs) regulates an organ using the endocrine or nervous system. (nervous and endocrine systems are the control systems!!!***)

Question 12

4 types of cells

Answer 12

muscle cells, neurons, epithelial cells, connective tissue cells

Question 13

muscle cells and tissue function and types (3) and if they’re voluntary or involuntary

Answer 13

-generate mechanical force

3 types:

• skeletal=voluntary
• Cardiac=involuntary
• Smooth=involuntary

Question 14

Neuron and Nervous tissue function and what they make up

Answer 14

Neuron: conduct electrical signals (impulses) to other cells

Make up the:

• brain
• spinal cord
• nerves

Question 15

Epithelial cells and tissues location

Answer 15

-linings and coverings of organs and cavities

• shape and type of epithelial cell vary per location in the body
• structure and function may differ on one side of the cell compared to the other (apical vs. Basal)

Question 16

Epithelial cells and tissues specialized for and type??

Answer 16

• Secretion and absorption (single layer-simple epithelium)

- Protection (multiple layer-stratified epithelium)

Question 17

Connective cells and tissues function,

Answer 17

Connect, anchor and support structures in the body

Question 18

connective cells and tissue kind

Answer 18

• Bone
• Cartilage
• Connective tissue proper (protein/collagen fibers, adipose tissue)
• Blood

Question 19

Connective cells and tissue structure

Answer 19

extracellular or connective tissue ‘matrix’ lies between all the types of connective cells

Question 20

Hierarchy

Answer 20

• tissues :an aggregate of similar cells
• Organs: composed of 2 or more tissue types, some are made up of functional units
• Organ system: collection of organs that work together to form an overall function

Question 21

Body fluids solution of…

Answer 21

-watery solution of dissolved oxygen, nutrients, waste

Question 22

body fluids (2 compartments for the fluid)

Answer 22

• Intracellular fluids (cytosol) 65% of ALL fluid

- Extracellular fluids (plasma, interstitial fluids)

Question 23

integumentary

Answer 23

protection, thermoregulation

Question 24

nervous

Answer 24

regulation of other body systems

Question 25

endocrine

Answer 25

secretion of regulatory molecules called hormones

Question 26

skeletal

Answer 26

movement and support

Question 27

muscular

Answer 27

movement of the skeleton

Question 28

circulatory

Answer 28

movement of blood and lymph

Question 29

immune

Answer 29

defense of the body against invading pathogens

Question 30

respiratory

Answer 30

gas exchange

Question 31

urinary

Answer 31

regulation of blood volume and composition

Question 32

digestive

Answer 32

breakdown of food into molecules that enter the body

Question 33

reproductive

Answer 33

continuation of the human species