Chapter 1 Flashcards
Evolution and the Themes of Biology and Scientific Inquiry
Biology
The scientific study of life
Discovery Science
Carefully observe and measure events
Use these specific observations and measurements to form a general principle
Inductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
Going from a specific observation to general principles
Discovery Science
Hypothesis-Based Science
Ask a question, often based on observation
Use general principles to propose an answer to a specific question
Deductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
Using general principles to answer specific questions
Hypothesis-Based Science
Scientific Method allows us to…about the world around us
Observe
Study
Make conclusions
Conclusions are…
a) always right
b) not always right
b) not always right
Many variables can have an effect
Proving the hypothesis incorrect is a result
Now you know what is not correct
Scientific Method (5)
- Observe
- Question
- Hypothesis
- Experiment
- Conclusion
Scientific Inquiry (example)
Mouse Coloration: Experiment to Test Hypothesis
Hypothesis:
The coloration of the beach mice and inland mice protect them from predation in their respective habitats
Experiment:
Painted mouse models and put them in the habitats
Next morning count damaged or missing models
Basic Characteristics of Life (7)
- Order
- Energy Processing
- Growth and Development
- Response to the Environment
- Reproduction
- Regulation
- Evolutionary Adaptation
Order (BCoL)
Uniform patterns
Not random
Cells - living
Energy Processing (BCoL)
Uses food to power activity
Life = energy from food
Growth and Development (BCoL)
Inherited information carried by genes
Parental units
Response to the Environment (BCoL)
Response to stimulus
Being poked
Reproduction (BCoL)
Reproduce their own kind
Human = human Cat = cat Dog = dog
Regulation (BCoL)
Maintain constant body temperature
Cellular functions
Evolutionary Adaptation (BCoL)
Adapt to habitat conditions
Gene frequency shifts
Organization of Biological Systems (10)
- Biosphere
- Ecosystems
- Communities
- Populations
- Organisms
- Organs
- Tissues
- Cells
- Organelles
- Molecules
All living organisms are comprised of cells
Biosphere (OoBS)
All life on earth from mountains to ocean sediment
Ecosystems (OoBS)
All living things in a particular area (forest, desert)
Communities (OoBS)
Organisms inhabiting an ecosystem (herd of deer / deer population)
Populations (OoBS)
All the individuals living in a specified area (groups of one individuals)
Organisms (OoBS)
Individual living things (a deer)
Organs (OoBS)
Parts that make up a living thing (deer anatomy)
Tissues (OoBS)
Make up organs
Cells (OoBS)
Fundamental unit of life
Everything is made of cells
Organelles (OoBS)
Chloroplasts, functional components of cells (nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria)
Molecules (OoBS)
Chemical structure making up everything (fats, chlorophyll)
Cells (2)
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Most abundant
DNA is not enclosed within a nucleus
DNA usually arranged as one circular chromosome
Lack membrane-enclosed organelles
Single celled organisms
Bacteria and Archaea
Eukaryotes
DNA is found in the nucleus
Surrounded by a nuclear membrane
DNA arranged as multiple chromosomes
Membrane-enclosed organelles
Single celled or multicellular organisms Algae Protozoa Fungi Plants Animals
Genetic Information
Primarily contained in the DNA
Composition of DNA
Conserved in all organisms (all the same - structure / setup)
Genes
Genes encode proteins
Proteins perform special functions in the cell
Not all genes are expressed all the time
Gene regulation
Genetic diseases
Too much / too little produced
Nothing produced at all
Regulation of Internal Processes
Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback
Negative Feedback (RoIP)
Stimulus A leads to outcome B, which reduces A
Positive Feedback (RoIP)
Reaction X leads to Y which stimulates X
Classifying Life
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Bacteria (CL)
Prokaryotic cells
Contains most known pathogenic organisms
Membranes composed of unbranched fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages
Contains peptidoglycan (only in bacteria)
No membrane bound nucleus
Single chromosome
Archaea (CL)
Prokaryotic cells
Found in extreme environments
Volcanic hot springs
Deep sea hydrothermal vents
Originally grouped with bacteria
No peptidoglycan
Unique enzymes
Eukarya (CL)
More complex than bacteria / archaea
Membrane bound organelles
Genetic material contained within the nucleus
Larger in size (larger than bacteria)
Single and multicellular organisms
Can have multiple chromosomes
No peptidoglycan
4 Domains
Domain (4)
- Plantae
Trees - Fungi
Mushrooms - Animalia
Dogs - Protists
Amoeba
Organisms further classified into smaller and smaller groups (8)
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
Ursus - bear
Evolution
Change in genetic composition of a population over time
Darwin’s contribution to Evolutionary Theory
Darwin’s Contribution
Published The Origin of Species in 1859
Two main concepts
1. Species arose from a succession of different ancestors
Descent with Modification
- Primary cause of descent with modification
Natural Selection
Natural Selection
Population with varied inherited traits
Elimination of individuals with certain traits
Reproduction of survivors
Increasing frequency of traits enhance survival