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General Biology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

Evolution and the Themes of Biology and Scientific Inquiry

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1
Q

Biology

A

The scientific study of life

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2
Q

Discovery Science

A

Carefully observe and measure events

Use these specific observations and measurements to form a general principle

Inductive Reasoning

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3
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

Going from a specific observation to general principles

Discovery Science

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4
Q

Hypothesis-Based Science

A

Ask a question, often based on observation

Use general principles to propose an answer to a specific question

Deductive Reasoning

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5
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

Using general principles to answer specific questions

Hypothesis-Based Science

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6
Q

Scientific Method allows us to…about the world around us

A

Observe

Study

Make conclusions

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7
Q

Conclusions are…

a) always right
b) not always right

A

b) not always right

Many variables can have an effect
Proving the hypothesis incorrect is a result
Now you know what is not correct

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8
Q

Scientific Method (5)

A
  1. Observe
  2. Question
  3. Hypothesis
  4. Experiment
  5. Conclusion
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9
Q

Scientific Inquiry (example)

A

Mouse Coloration: Experiment to Test Hypothesis

Hypothesis:
The coloration of the beach mice and inland mice protect them from predation in their respective habitats

Experiment:
Painted mouse models and put them in the habitats
Next morning count damaged or missing models

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10
Q

Basic Characteristics of Life (7)

A
  1. Order
  2. Energy Processing
  3. Growth and Development
  4. Response to the Environment
  5. Reproduction
  6. Regulation
  7. Evolutionary Adaptation
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11
Q

Order (BCoL)

A

Uniform patterns
Not random

Cells - living

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12
Q

Energy Processing (BCoL)

A

Uses food to power activity

Life = energy from food

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13
Q

Growth and Development (BCoL)

A

Inherited information carried by genes

Parental units

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14
Q

Response to the Environment (BCoL)

A

Response to stimulus

Being poked

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15
Q

Reproduction (BCoL)

A

Reproduce their own kind

Human = human
Cat = cat
Dog = dog
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16
Q

Regulation (BCoL)

A

Maintain constant body temperature

Cellular functions

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17
Q

Evolutionary Adaptation (BCoL)

A

Adapt to habitat conditions

Gene frequency shifts

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18
Q

Organization of Biological Systems (10)

A
  1. Biosphere
  2. Ecosystems
  3. Communities
  4. Populations
  5. Organisms
  6. Organs
  7. Tissues
  8. Cells
  9. Organelles
  10. Molecules

All living organisms are comprised of cells

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19
Q

Biosphere (OoBS)

A

All life on earth from mountains to ocean sediment

20
Q

Ecosystems (OoBS)

A

All living things in a particular area (forest, desert)

21
Q

Communities (OoBS)

A

Organisms inhabiting an ecosystem (herd of deer / deer population)

22
Q

Populations (OoBS)

A

All the individuals living in a specified area (groups of one individuals)

23
Q

Organisms (OoBS)

A

Individual living things (a deer)

24
Q

Organs (OoBS)

A

Parts that make up a living thing (deer anatomy)

25
Q

Tissues (OoBS)

A

Make up organs

26
Q

Cells (OoBS)

A

Fundamental unit of life

Everything is made of cells

27
Q

Organelles (OoBS)

A

Chloroplasts, functional components of cells (nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria)

28
Q

Molecules (OoBS)

A

Chemical structure making up everything (fats, chlorophyll)

29
Q

Cells (2)

A

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

30
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Most abundant

DNA is not enclosed within a nucleus
DNA usually arranged as one circular chromosome

Lack membrane-enclosed organelles

Single celled organisms
Bacteria and Archaea

31
Q

Eukaryotes

A

DNA is found in the nucleus
Surrounded by a nuclear membrane
DNA arranged as multiple chromosomes

Membrane-enclosed organelles

Single celled or multicellular organisms
Algae
Protozoa
Fungi
Plants
Animals
32
Q

Genetic Information

A

Primarily contained in the DNA

33
Q

Composition of DNA

A

Conserved in all organisms (all the same - structure / setup)

34
Q

Genes

A

Genes encode proteins

Proteins perform special functions in the cell

Not all genes are expressed all the time
Gene regulation

Genetic diseases
Too much / too little produced
Nothing produced at all

35
Q

Regulation of Internal Processes

A

Negative Feedback

Positive Feedback

36
Q

Negative Feedback (RoIP)

A

Stimulus A leads to outcome B, which reduces A

37
Q

Positive Feedback (RoIP)

A

Reaction X leads to Y which stimulates X

38
Q

Classifying Life

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

39
Q

Bacteria (CL)

A

Prokaryotic cells

Contains most known pathogenic organisms

Membranes composed of unbranched fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages

Contains peptidoglycan (only in bacteria)

No membrane bound nucleus

Single chromosome

40
Q

Archaea (CL)

A

Prokaryotic cells

Found in extreme environments
Volcanic hot springs
Deep sea hydrothermal vents

Originally grouped with bacteria

No peptidoglycan

Unique enzymes

41
Q

Eukarya (CL)

A

More complex than bacteria / archaea

Membrane bound organelles
Genetic material contained within the nucleus

Larger in size (larger than bacteria)
Single and multicellular organisms

Can have multiple chromosomes

No peptidoglycan

4 Domains

42
Q

Domain (4)

A
  1. Plantae
    Trees
  2. Fungi
    Mushrooms
  3. Animalia
    Dogs
  4. Protists
    Amoeba
43
Q

Organisms further classified into smaller and smaller groups (8)

A
  1. Domain
  2. Kingdom
  3. Phylum
  4. Class
  5. Order
  6. Family
  7. Genus
  8. Species

Ursus - bear

44
Q

Evolution

A

Change in genetic composition of a population over time

Darwin’s contribution to Evolutionary Theory

45
Q

Darwin’s Contribution

A

Published The Origin of Species in 1859

Two main concepts
1. Species arose from a succession of different ancestors
Descent with Modification

  1. Primary cause of descent with modification
    Natural Selection
46
Q

Natural Selection

A

Population with varied inherited traits

Elimination of individuals with certain traits

Reproduction of survivors

Increasing frequency of traits enhance survival

General Biology (7 decks)

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