Chapter 1

Question 1

Kinesiology

Answer 1

the study of the art and science of human movement, can be studied qualitatively or quantitatively

Question 2

Quantitative

Answer 2

distance, force, time, joint angles, etc.; considered to be be objective because they are made with mechanical instruments, which require minimal judgement on the part of the investigator and reduce investigator bias to a minimum

Question 3

Qualitative

Answer 3

(Subjetive); because they require human judgement, and are used to determine the quality of a performance (ex: a gymnastics routine, golf swing, patients level of pain)

Question 4

Measurement

Answer 4

the process of comparing a value to a standard

Question 5

Data

Answer 5

the result of measurement

Question 6

Statistics

Answer 6

a mathematical technique by which data are organized, treated, and presented for interpretation and evaluation.

Question 7

Evaluation

Answer 7

the philosophical process of determining the worth of the data

Question 8

Reproducible

Answer 8

the data from the measurement, a second measurement under the same conditions should produce the same result as the first measurement

Question 9

Reliability

Answer 9

(the consistency of the data); usually determined by the test–retest method, where the first measure is compared with a second or third measure on the same subjects under the same conditions

Question 10

Validity

Answer 10

refers to the soundness (appropriateness) of the test in measuring what it is designed to measure; can be determined via logical analysis of the measurement procedures, or via comparison to another test already known to be valid

Question 11

Objectivity

Answer 11

means that the data are collected without bias by the investigator; sometimes referred to as inter-rater reliability

Question 12

Bias

Answer 12

can be detected by comparing an investigators scores to those of an expert or panel of experts

Question 13

Measurement involves four steps:

Answer 13

1. The object to be measured is identified and defined.
2. The standard with which the measured object will be compared is identified and defined.
3. The object is compared with the standard.
4. A quantitative statement is made of the relationship of the object to the standard.

Question 14

milli

Answer 14

1/1,000

Question 15

centi

Answer 15

1/100

Question 16

deci

Answer 16

1/10

Question 17

zero

Answer 17

0

Question 18

deca

Answer 18

10

Question 19

hecto

Answer 19

100

Question 20

kilo

Answer 20

1,000

Question 21

mega

Answer 21

1,000,000

Question 22

giga

Answer 22

1,000,000,000

Question 23

Variable

Answer 23

a characteristic of a person, place, or object that can assume more than one value; (a person may perform differently when measured on the same variable more than once)

Question 24

Constant

Answer 24

a characteristic that can assume only one value (never changes so we only need to measure it once)

Question 25

Continuous Variable

Answer 25

theoretically can assume any value (distance, force, time, etc.); can be measures as short as a millionth of a cm or as a light-year

Question 26

Discrete Variable

Answer 26

limited to certain numbers, usually whole numbers or integers (we can't have a fraction of a person)

Question 27

Nominal Scales

Answer 27

subjects are grouped into mutually exclusive categories without qualitative differentiation between the categories; data grouped this way are sometimes called frequency data because the scale indicates the number of times an event happens (size of the number doesn't indicate an amount but instead indicates category assignment)

Question 28

Ordinal scale (rank-order scale)

Answer 28

gives quantitative order to the variables but does not indicate how much better one score is than another. (differences between the positions may be unequal) Medals, nothing saying how much better 1st is than 2nd or 3rd

Question 29

Interval Scale

Answer 29

has equal units, or intervals, of measurement—that is, the same distance exists between each division of the scale—but has no absolute zero point. (since 0 doesn't indicate the absence of value, one point is not 2 or 3x's larger) temp bc zero isn't an absence of heat

Question 30

ratio scale

Answer 30

(most complete scale of measurement); based on order, has equal distance between scale points, and uses zero to represent the absence of value. All units are equidistant from each other, and proportional, or ratio, comparisons are appropriate (distance, force, or time-negative scores are impossible)

Question 31

Nominal and ordinal scales are called...

Answer 31

nonparametric because they do not meet | the assumption of normality.

Question 32

Interval and ratio scales are classified as...

Answer 32

parametric. (primary focus in this course)

Question 33

Research

Answer 33

a special technique for solving problems; (Identifying the problem is a critical part of research)

Question 34

Historical research

Answer 34

a search through records of the past to determine what happened and why (an attempt to solve problems by learning from the past)

Question 35

Observational research

Answer 35

(or descriptive research) involves describing events or conditions, which the researcher does not actively manipulate. In this type of study, researchers often examine correlations in the data. (A common tool is the survey.)

Question 36

Experimental Research

Answer 36

the process that involves manipulating and controlling events or variables to solve a problem (puts researchers in the strongest position to make cause and effect inferences from the data)

Question 37

Experimental Design

Answer 37

the process that involves manipulating and controlling certain events or controlling certain events or conditions to solve a problem

Question 38

Hypothesis

Answer 38

an educated guess or logical assumption that is based on prior research or known facts and that can be tested by the experimental design (must be stated in a way that a statistical analysis can be performed on the data to determine the probability or odds of obtaining the given results if true)

Question 39

Research Hypothesis (alternate hypothesis)

Answer 39

hypothesis that prompts the research (symbolized as H1); predicts relationships or differences between groups of participants

Question 40

Null Hypothesis

Answer 40

used to test statistical analysis and predicts no relationship or no difference between groups; states that any relationship or difference that may be observed by measurement is the result of random occurrence

Question 41

Statistical Analysis

Answer 41

reports the probability that the results would occur as we observe them if the null hypothesis is true

Question 42

if the probability is small...

Answer 42

we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternate (or research) hypothesis

Question 43

if the probability is large...

Answer 43

we accept the null hypothesis

Question 44

If odds against it are better than 95 to 5...

Answer 44

we may decide to reject the null

Question 45

The probability that we could have gotten the data that we did if the null is true...

Answer 45

is less than or equal to 0.05 (p is less than or equal to .05)

Question 46

Independent Variable

Answer 46

the variable that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher, sometimes referred to as the "treatment" variable (plotted on the x axis)

Question 47

Dependent Variable

Answer 47

a variable that is dependent on the effects of one or more other variables, the variable which is measured (plotted on the y axis)

Question 48

In correlation-type research the independent and dependent variable are referred to as...

Answer 48

the predictor variable and the criterion variable

Question 49

Internal Validity

Answer 49

refers to the design of the study itself; it is a measure of the control within the experiment to ascertain that the results are due to the treatment that was applied.

Question 50

Analyzing the posttest differences between the experimental group and the control group helps us sort out how much improvement is due to...

Answer 50

(a) the treatment and (b) the learning effect from the pretest. A design of this type without a control group can be criticized for having weak internal validity.

Question 51

intervening variables, (extra-neous variables)

Answer 51

factors, which are not controlled in the experiment, and can also reduce the internal validity. they intervene to affect the dependent variable but are extraneous to the research design.

Question 52

Instrument error

Answer 52

refers to incorrect data that are due to a faulty instrument.

Question 53

Investigator error

Answer 53

occurs when the investigator introduces bias in recording | the data.

Question 54

External validity

Answer 54

refers to the ability to generalize the results of the experiment to the population from which the samples were drawn.

Question 55

Statistical Inference

Answer 55

The process of generalizing from a sample to a population, and is one of the basic tools of the statistician.

Question 56

Population

Answer 56

any group of persons, places, or objects that have at least one common characteristic

Question 57

Sample

Answer 57

If it is impossible or impractical to measure all members of a population, then we measure a portion, or fraction, of the population,

Question 58

The larger the sample, the smaller the error, and...

Answer 58

the smaller the sample, the larger the error

Question 59

Random Sample

Answer 59

each member of the population has an equal opportu-nity of being selected into the sample.

Question 60

Stratified Sample

Answer 60

taken when random selection in a large population is desired and subcategories of the population are of interest. To do this, we select a certain part of the sample from each subgroup of the population.

Question 61

Bias

Answer 61

means that factors operate on the sample to make it unrepresentative of the population.

Question 62

Parameter

Answer 62

is a characteristic of the entire population. A statistic is a characteristic of a sample that is used to estimate the value of the population parameter.

Question 63

theory

Answer 63

a belief regarding a concept or a series of related concepts. Theories are not necessarily true or false.

Question 64

instrument error

Answer 64

refers to incorrect data that are due to a faulty instrument.

Question 65

nonparametric

Answer 65

Nominal and ordinal scales because they do not meet | the assumption of normality.

Question 66

parametric

Answer 66

Interval and ratio scales

Question 67

Statistic

Answer 67

A characteristic of a sample