Chapter 1

Question 1

microorganisms must be able to (2)

Answer 1

1. generate energy

2. grow without the help of other cells

Question 2

microscopes were first used for what (3)

Answer 2

for the microscopic observation of macroscopic organisms, surfaces and substances

Question 3

year of Robert Hooke + what he did (2)

Answer 3

1665

1. he described the microscopic appearance of dry cork as a honeycomb of chambers that he named cellulae
2. he published the first accurate microscopic drawings of a variety of molds

Question 4

who is the father of microbiology

Answer 4

Antoni van Leuuwenhoek

Question 5

year of Antoni van Leuuwenhoek and what he did

Answer 5

1684

he published the first drawing of what he called wee animalcules * this was the first time microorganisms were seen*

Question 6

definition of spontanous generation

Answer 6

hypothesis that some vital force can create living organisms from inanimate objects

Question 7

what did Francesco Redi and when

Answer 7

Mid 1600s
demonstrated that maggots did not develop from meat protected by a fine gauze cover (showed that contact with the outside is required)

Question 8

what did Lazzaro Spallanzani and when

Answer 8

Late 1700s

demonstrated that nothing grew in liquid that were boiled and stored in close containers

Question 9

what is germ theory

Answer 9

recognition that some diseases are caused by microorganisms, and preventing exposure prevents the disease

Question 10

what Ignas Semelweis did and when

Answer 10

1847
women attended by medical students during childbirth were at greater risk of contracting puerperal sepsis (genital tract sepsis) than those attended by midwives

Question 11

what did Joseph Lister and when

Answer 11

1867
reported that death due to infection following surgery could be reduced if diluted phenol was used to soak the medical devices and surgical dressings and to spray the general area during surgery

Question 12

What did Robert Kosh and when (2)/

Answer 12

1884

1. published that anthrax was caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis
2. showed that tuberculose was caused by a bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 13

what shown the Pasteur’s experimentation

Answer 13

shown that microorganism were present in the air, revealing a possible source of infection (opposite of spontanous generation)

Question 14

what the Pasteur’s experimentation is leading to (2)

Answer 14

1. development of effective sterilization procedures and pasteurization
2. he also developpend vaccines for multiples diseases, such as anthrax, fowl cholera and rabies

Question 15

4 types of microorganisms

Answer 15

bacteria
archaea
eukaryotes
viruses, viroids, prion

Question 16

5 types of eukaryotes (true nucleous)

Answer 16

protozoa (amoeba)
alga (euglena)
fungi (yeast)
plant cells
animal cells

Question 17

roles of microorganism in agriculture (2)

Answer 17

1. form nodules on the root of some plants species and they convert the atmospheric nitrogen in ammonia that the plant can use as a source of nitrogen for growth
2. bacteria produce the enzyme cellulase that cows can’t to digest cellulose

Question 18

3 roles of microorganisms in chemical and pharmaceutical industry

Answer 18

1. they are used to produce organic acids (citric acids), vitamins, alcohols and antibiotics
2. biofuels (methane/ethanol)
3. they can be genetically modified to produce a useful product such as insulin, human growth hormones… (bacteria easily take up exogenous genetic material- natural evolutionary mecanism)

Question 19

2 roles microorganisms have in the environment

Answer 19

1. recycling nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen and sulfur

2. some can metabolize (detoxify) toxic compunds= bioremediation of contaminated soil/sediment

Question 20

number of microbial cells on earth

Answer 20

2,5 x 10^30