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AP Stat > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Association

A

Occurs between two variables if specific values of one variable tend to occur in common w specific values of the other

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2
Q

The 1.5 x IQR Rule for Outliers

A

Call an observation an outlier if it falls more than 1.5 x IQR above the third quartile or below the first quartile

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3
Q

Back to back stemplot

A

Used to compare the distribution of quantitative variable for two groups

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4
Q

Stem

A

Each observation in both groups is separated into a stem

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5
Q

Leaf

A

The final digit

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6
Q

Bar graph

A

Used to display the distribution of a categorical variable or to compare the sizes of quantities
The horizontal axis identifies categories

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7
Q

Bimodal

A

Describes a graph of quantitative data w two clear peaks

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8
Q

Box plot

A

A graph of a five number summary
The box spans the quartiles & shows the spread of the central half of distribution
Lines extend from the box to the extremes and show the full spread of data

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9
Q

Categorical variable

A

Places an individual into one of several groups or categories

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10
Q

Conditional distribution

A

Describes the values of one variable among individuals who have a specific value of another variable
There is a separate conditional distribution for each value of the other variable

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11
Q

Data analysis

A

A process of describing data using graphs & numerical summaries

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12
Q

Dotplot

A

A simple graph that shows each data value as a dot above its location on a number line

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13
Q

Distribution

A

Tells what values a variable takes & how often it takes these values

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14
Q

First Quartile

A

If the observations in a data set are ordered from lowest to highest, the first quartile is the median of the observations whose position is to the left of the median

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15
Q

The Five Number Summary

A

Consists of the smallest observation, the first quartile, the median, the third quartile, and the largest observation, written in order from smallest to largest

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16
Q

Frequency Table

A

Displays the count of observations in each category or class

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17
Q

Histogram

A

Displays the distribution of quantitive variable

The lines touch

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18
Q

Individuals

A

Objects described by a set of data

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19
Q

Inference

A

Drawing conclusions that go beyond the data at hand

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20
Q

Interquartile range

A

IQR = Q3 - Q1

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21
Q

Marginal distribution

A

Of one of the categorical variables in a two way table of counts is the distribution of values that variable among all individuals described by the table

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22
Q

Mean

A

The average

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23
Q

Median

A

Midpoint of data

24
Q

Mode

A

The value or class in a statistical distribution having the greatest frequency

25
Q

Multimodal

A

Describes a graph of quantitative data w more than two clear peaks

26
Q

Outlier

A

An individual value that falls outside the overall pattern of a distribution

27
Q

Overall pattern

A

In any graph of data, look for the overall pattern and for striking departures from that pattern
Shape, center, and spread describe the overall pattern of the distribution of a quantitive variable

28
Q

Pie chart

A

Shows the distribution of a categorical variable as a pie whose slices are sized by the counts or percents for the categories

29
Q

Quantitive variable

A

Takes numerical values for which it makes sense to find an average

30
Q

Range

A

Maximum value minus the minimum value

31
Q

Relative frequency table

A

Shows the percents of observations in each category

32
Q

Resistant measure

A

A statistic that is not affected very much by extreme observations

33
Q

Roundoff error

A

The difference between the calculated approximation of a number and it’s exact mathematical value

34
Q

Simpson paradox

A

An association between two variables that holds for each individual value of a third variable can be changed or even reversed when the data for all values of the third variable are combined

35
Q

Skewed to the right

A

If the right side of the graph is much longer than the left

36
Q

Skewed to the left

A

Left side is longer than the right side

37
Q

Splitting stem

A

A method for spreading out a stem plot that has few stems

38
Q

Stem plot

A

A simple graphical display for fairly small data set that gives a quick picture of the shape of a distribution while including the actual numerical values

39
Q

Symmetry

A

If the right & left sides of a graph are mirror images of each other

40
Q

Third Quartile

A

If the observation in a data set are ordered from lowest to highest, the third Quartile is the median

41
Q

Unimodal

A

Describes graph of quantitive data w a single peak

42
Q

Variables

A

Any characteristic of an individual, can take different values from different individuals

43
Q

Variance

A

The average squared distance of the observations in a data set from their mean

44
Q

Standard deviation

A

How far each score is from the mean in average

45
Q

SOCS

A

Shape
Outliers
Centers
Spread

46
Q

Shape

A

Symmetric & shape

47
Q

Center

A

Mean

Median

48
Q

Spread

A

Standard deviation
Range
IQR

49
Q

Rule for outliers

A

Q1- 1.5(IQR)

Q3+ 1.5(IQR)

50
Q

Box plot

A

A central box is drawn from Q1 to the Q3
Draw number line
Mark median
Lines mark min and max
Stop line before outlier than Dot outlier

51
Q

Mean & standard deviation

A

Symmetric

52
Q

Median & IQR

A

Skewed

53
Q

When mean & median are lose

A

It will be symmetric

54
Q

Use bar graph for

A

Categorical data

55
Q

Use histogram for

A

Quantative data

AP Stat (2 decks)

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