Chapter 1

Question 1

LFIB

Answer 1

Label Forwarding Information Base - an MPLS table. This is the table that the router uses to forward labelled packets going through the network. Much like the RIB uses the FIB to forward traffic, so the LIB uses the LFIB to forward traffic.

Question 2

BGP

Answer 2

Border Gateway Protocol

Question 3

LSP

Answer 3

Label Switched Path

Question 4

LSR

Answer 4

Label Switched Router

Question 5

LDP

Answer 5

Label Distribution Protocol

Question 6

FEC

Answer 6

Forwarding Equivalence Class

Question 7

LER

Answer 7

Label Edge Router

Question 8

TTL

Answer 8

Time To Live

Question 9

ACL

Answer 9

Access Control List

Question 10

QoS

Answer 10

Quality Of Service

Question 11

MPLS

Answer 11

Multi Protocol Label Switching

Question 12

LIB

Answer 12

Label Information Base - an MPLS table. This is the place where the router will keep all known MPLS labels.

Question 13

FIB

Answer 13

Forwarding Information Base - The FIB is an optimized version of the RIB. It’s the table the router looks at when deciding where to actually forward traffic. In CISCO the CEF table is a FIB.

Question 14

RIB

Answer 14

Routing Information Base - This is the route table.

Question 15

VRF

Answer 15

Virtual Routing and Forwarding - a technology that allows multiple instances of a routing table to co exist within the same router at the same time.

Question 16

CEF

Answer 16

Cisco Express Forwarding - consists of two key components: The Forwarding Information Base (FIB) and adjacencies.

Question 17

ARP

Answer 17

Address Resolution Protocol

Question 18

ABR

Answer 18

Area Border Routers

Question 19

IPsec

Answer 19

Internet Protocol Security - is a secure network protocol suite that authenticates and encrypts the packets of data sent over an IPv4 network

Question 20

Hub and spoke

Answer 20

a spoke-hub distribution paradigm/model/network) is a system of connections arranged like a wire wheel in which all traffic moves along spokes connected to the hub at the center. The model is commonly used in industry also known as a “star network”.

Question 21

ATM

Answer 21

Asynchronous transfer mode - a telecommunications concept for carriage of a complete range of user traffic, including voice, data, and video signals. Designed for networks that must handle both traditional high throughput data traffic, and real time, low latency content such as voice and video. Approximately maps the three OSI ISO layers: network, data link and physical layer.

Question 22

Virtual circuit (VC)

Answer 22

A mean of transporting data over a packet switched computer network in such a way that it appears as though there is a dedicated physical layer link between the source and destination end systems of this data

Question 23

Multiplexing

Answer 23

is a method by which multiple analog or digital signals are combined into one signal over a shared medium.

Question 24

(Tele)Traffic engineering (TE)

Answer 24

is the application of traffic engineering theory to telecommunications. Teletraffic engineers use their knowledge of statistics including queuing theory, the nature of traffic, their practical models, their measurements and simulations to make predictions and to plan telecommunication networks such as a telephone network or the Internet. These tools and knowledge help provide reliable service at lower cost.

Question 25

OTN

Answer 25

Optical Transport Network

Question 26

DWDM

Answer 26

Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Question 27

PVC

Answer 27

permanent virtual circuit -

Question 28

OMS

Answer 28

Optical Multiplex Section

Question 29

OCH

Answer 29

Optical Channel

Question 30

cell switching vs. packet switching

Answer 30

cell-based systems deals with fixed-size cells. Unlike packet-based system which the switch directly works on packets without breaking them into cells. Obviously, using fixed length cells in the switch makes the hardware implementation much easier than using variable length packets but sometimes we might get better performance using packet-based systems

Question 31

CoS

Answer 31

Class Of Service - is a parameter used in data and voice protocols to differentiate the types of payloads contained in the packet being transmitted. The objective of such differentiation is generally associated with assigning priorities to the data payload or access levels to the telephone call.

Question 32

DSL – Digital subscriber line

Answer 32

משפחה של טכנולוגיות לתקשורת נתונים דיגיטלית באמצעות תשתיות הטלפון

Question 33

Metrics (networking)

Answer 33

Router metrics are metrics used by a router to make routing decisions. A metric is typically one of many fields in a routing table.

Metrics are used to determine whether one route should be chosen over another. The routing table stores possible routes, while link-state or topological databases may store all other information as well. For example, Routing Information Protocol uses hopcount (number of hops) to determine the best possible route. The route will go in the direction of the gateway with the lowest metric. The direction with the lowest metric can be a default gateway.

Router metrics can contain any number of values that help the router determine the best route among multiple routes to a destination. A router metric typically based on information like path length, bandwidth, load, hop count, path cost, delay, maximum transmission unit (MTU), reliability and communications cost.

Question 34

Differentiated services (DiffServ)

Answer 34

Differentiated services or DiffServ is a computer networking architecture that specifies a simple and scalable mechanism for classifying and managing network traffic and providing quality of service (QoS) on modern IP networks. DiffServ can, for example, be used to provide low-latency to critical network traffic such as voice or streaming media while providing simple best-effort service to non-critical services such as web traffic or file transfers.

Question 35

Tunneling protocol

Answer 35

זה השימוש בפרוטוקול תקשורת המאפשר אינקפסולציה של פרוטוקול אחר בתוכו, דוגמה לשימוש נפוץ הוא הכמסה של פרוטוקול שלא תומך בהצפנה באחד שכן. דבר שמאפשר שליחת הודעות בצורה מאובטחת ללא שינוי בהגדרת הפרוטוקול הגלוי

Question 36

GRE

Answer 36

Generic Routing Encapsulation - a tunneling protocol developed by Cisco Systems that can encapsulate a wide variety of network layer protocols inside virtual point-to-point links over an Internet Protocol network.

Question 37

AToM

Answer 37

Any Transport over MPLS

Question 38

Constraint-based routing (CR)

Answer 38

Constraint-based routing takes into account parameters, such as link characteristics (bandwidth, delay, etc.), hop count, and QoS.

Question 39

CR-LDP

Answer 39

Constraint-based label distribution protocol

Question 40

IETF

Answer 40

Internet Engineering Task Force

Question 41

LAN

Answer 41

local-area network

Question 42

MAC

Answer 42

media access control

Question 43

OSPF

Answer 43

Open Shortest Path First (protocol)

Question 44

PNNI

Answer 44

Private Network-to-Network Interface

Question 45

PPP

Answer 45

Point-to-Point Ptotocol

Question 46

RSVP

Answer 46

Resource Reservation Protocol

Question 47

SONET

Answer 47

Synchronous Optical Network

Question 48

VPN

Answer 48

Virtual Private Network

Question 49

VPI

Answer 49

Virtual Packet Identifier

Question 50

NIC

Answer 50

Network Interface Card

Question 51

OAM

Answer 51

Operations, Administration and Maintenance.
Arecthe processes, activities, tools and standards involved with operating, administering, managing and maintaining any system. Commonly applies to telecommunication, computer networks, and computer hardware

Question 52

Gateway

Answer 52

A gateway is a node (router) in a computer network, a key stopping point for data on its way to or from other networks. Thanks to gateways, we are able to communicate and send data back and forth. The Internet wouldn’t be any use to us without gateways (as well as a lot of other hardware and software).

In a workplace, the gateway is the computer that routes traffic from a workstation to the outside network that is serving up the Web pages. For basic Internet connections at home, the gateway is the Internet Service Provider that gives you access to the entire Internet.

Question 53

MTU - Maximum Transmission Unit

Answer 53

In computer networking, the maximum transmission unit (MTU) is the size of the largest protocol data unit (PDU) that can be communicated in a single network layer transaction.[1] The MTU relates to, but is not identical to the maximum frame size that can be transported on the data link layer

Question 54

network convergence

Answer 54

Network convergence is the efficient coexistence of telephone, video and data communication within a single network. The use of multiple communication modes on a single network offers convenience and flexibility that are not possible with separate infrastructures. Network convergence is also called media convergence.