Chapter 1 Flashcards
Alternative Time Sampling
Time parameters that are set during a research project
Blinding
The method of not giving the specifics of a project to the people participating in the research study
case study
a type of research in which a single case is investigated and documented over a period of time
certification
a process in which a person, an institution, or a program is evaluated and recognized as meeting certain predetermined standards to provide safe and ethical care
cohort research
a type of research that examines patterns of change, a sequence of events, or trends over time within a certain population of study subjects.
continuous quality improvement (CQI)
a system of internal and external reviews and audits of all aspects of an EMS system
convenience sampling
a type of research in which subjects are manually assigned to a to a specific person or crew rather than being randomly assigned: the least preferred components of research.
cross-sectional design
a data collection method in which all data at one point in time is collected, essentially serving as a snap shot of all events and information.
descriptive
a research format in which an observation of an event is made, but without attempts to alter or change it.
emergency medical services (EMS)
a healthcare system designed to bring immediate on-scene care to those in need along with transport to a definitive medical care facility
ethical
a behavior expected by a person or group following a set of rules.
evidence- based practice
the use of practices that have been proven to be effective in improving patient outcomes
health care professional
a person who follows specific professional attributes that are outlined in this profession
inferential
a research format that uses a hypothesis to prove one finding from another
institutional review board (IRB)
a group or institution that follows a set of requirements for review that were devised by the US public health service
licensure
the process whereby a state allows qualified people to perform a regulated act.
literature review
a form of research in which the existing literature is reviewed and the researcher analyzes the collection of research to draw a conclusion
longitudinal design
a data collection method in which information is collected at various set time intervals and not just at one time.
medical direction
direction given to an EMS service or provider by a physician.
mobile intensive care units (MICU)
an early title given to an ambulance-style unit
off-line medical control
Medical direction given through a set of protocols, policies, and/or standards.
parameters
outlined measures that may be difficult to obtain in a research project.
peer review
the process used by medical magazines, journals, and other publications to ensure quality and validity of an article before publishing it, and which involves sending the article to subject matter experts for review of the content and research methods.
profession
a specialized set of knowledge, skills, and/or expertise
prospective research
a type of research that gathers information as events occur in real time.
protocol
a treatment plan developed for a specific illness or injury
qualitative
a type of descriptive statistic in research that does not use numeric information
quality control
the responsibility of the medical director to ensure that the appropriate medical care standards are met by EMS personnel on every call
quantitative
a type of measurement in research that uses a mean , median and mode.
reciprocity
the process of granting licensure or certification to a provider from another state or agency
registration
providing information to an entity that stores it in some form of record book . in the context of EMS, records of your education , state and local licensure and recertification are held by a recognized board.
research agenda
the specific question(s) that a study aims to answer and the precise methods in which the data will be gathered
research consortium
a group of agencies working together to study a particular topic
research domain
the area ( clinical, systems, or education) that will be impacted by the study
retrospective research
research preformed from current available information
sampling errors
expected errors that occur in the sampling phase of research
standing orders
a type of protocol that is a written document signed by the EMS systems medical director that outlines specific directions, permissions, and sometimes prohibitions regarding patient care that is rendered prior to contacting medical control
systemic sampling
a computer-generated list of subjects or groups of research
trauma systems
the collaboration of prehospital and in-hospital medicine that focuses on optimizing the use of resources and assets of each with a preliminary goal of reducing the mortality and morbidity of trauma patients
unblinded study
a type of study in which the subjects are advised of all aspects of the study
The White Paper of 1966
1, Develop collaborative strategies to identify and address community health and safty issues
2, Align the financial incentives of EMS and other healthcare providers and papers
3, Participate in community-based prevention efforts
4, Develop and persue a national EMS-research agenda
5, Pass EMS legislation in each state to support innovation and integration
6, Allocate adequate resources for medical direction
7, Develop information systems that link EMS across its continuum
8, Determine the cost and benefits of EMS to the community
9, Ensure nationwide availability of 9-1-1 as the emergency telephone number
10, Ensure that all calls for emergency help are automatically accompanied by location- identifying information
The White Paper findings
- A lack of uniform laws and standards
- Ambulances and equipment were of poor quality
- Lack of communication between EMS and hopitals
- Lack of personnel training
- Hospitals only had part time staff
- More people died in motor vehicle accidents then in the Vietnam war
The Emergency Medical Services Act of 1973
Required Components of an EMS system
- Integration of health systems
- EMS research
- Legislation and regulation
- System finance
- Human resources
- Medical direction
- Education and training systems
- Public access and education
- Prevention
- Transportation
- Communication systems
- Clinical care facilities
- Patient information and education systems
- Mutual aid agreements
- Evaluation
The National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration ( 1980s/1990s)
EMS system elements
- Regulation and policy
- Resource Management
- Human resources and Training
- Transportation
- Facilities
- Communication
- Public information and education
- Medical Direction
- Trauma systems
- Evaluation
Father of Paramedicine
Dr. Eugene Nagel
Developed mouth to mouth resuscitation in 1956
Drs. Elan and Safar
Developed the first portable defibrilator
John Hopkins Hospital
The National Highway Safety Act of 1966
Developed from the White paper, created the US Department of Transportation ( USDOT) to provide authority and financial support for the development of basic and advance life support programs.
4 levels of EMS training
- Emergency Medical Responder ( EMR)- Trained in First Aid and CPR
- Emergency Medical Technician (EMT)- Trained in advanced airway intervention, limited medication administration, and intravenous fluid therapy( this expanded scope is not recognized by the National EMS Education standards)
- Advanced Emergency Medical Technician ( AEMT)- Trained in more advanced pathophysiology as well as some advanced procedures such as establishing IV access, administering IV fluids, performing blood glucose monitoring, and performing some advanced airway management.
- Paramedic- Trained in all levels of EMS, function under licensed physician and employed py a paramedic - level service.
