Chapter 1 Flashcards
What are the 4 basic tissues of the human body?
Epithelial, muscle, neural, connective tissue
What is osteology?
Study of bones
What are the 3 primary cell types of bone?
Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
What is the function of each type of bone cell?
Osteoblast: form bone
Osteocytes: maintain/nurture
Osteoclasts: remodel bone
What are the bone cells embedded in?
An amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals
What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?
Glycosaminoglycans
What types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?
Chondroitin Sulfate, Keratin Sulfates & Hyaluronic Acid
What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?
Collagen Type 1
What is the primary constituents of the bone Mindel?
Calcium, Phosphate, Citrate & Carbonate Ions
What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?
Hydroxyapatite
Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?
Sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium, radium
What is Wolff’s Law?
Living tissue will respond to stressors such as anxiety, tension, pressure; bone is formed of absorbed in response to these same stressors
What 3 responses of “living” bone were stressed in class?
It has the ability to:
- Heal
- Remodel under stressors such as Anxiety, Tension or Pressure
- To “age”
Bone is the embryological derivative of which specific connective tissues?
Mesenchyme
and/or
cartilage
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?
Intramembranous ossification
What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?
2nd - 3rd month in uterine
What part of the axial skeleton is primarily formed by intramembranous ossification?
The skull
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?
Endochondral ossification
What is the timing for the appearance of ossification of cartilage?
2nd - 5th month in utero
Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral & intramembranous ossification?
Mandible, sphenoid, temporal, occipital
Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral & intramembranous ossification?
Clavicle
What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?
Primary centers appear before birth
Secondary centers appear after birth
Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?
Cortical or compact bone
&
spongy, cancellous or trabecular bone
What is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface?
Subchondral Bone
What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?
Periosteum
What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?
Endosteum
What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?
Sexual dimorphism (gender variation) Ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation) Geographic/population-based variation (ethnic) Idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)
Difference in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male & female variation is identified as which type of variation?
Sexual dimorphism or gender variation
Differences in the number of morphology of vertebrae w/in the population based on age or development variation is identified as which type of variation?
Ontogenetic variation
Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae w/in the population based on ethnicity or locational variation is identified as which type of variation?
Geographic variation or population based variation
Differences in the number of morphology of vertebrae w/in the population based on the uniqueness between individuals is identified as which type of variation?
Idiosyncratic variation
What are the 6 more commonly used classifications of normal bone?
Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones. & sesamoid bones
Which classifications of bone are characteristic of the appendicular skeleton?
Long bones, short bones & sesamoid bones
