chapter 1-7 Flashcards
allele
an alternative form of a specific gene
dihybrid
a hybrid that is heterozygous for alleles of two different types.
monohybrid
an individual produced from a single-factor cross in which the parents had different variants for a single character.
dominant
describes an allele that determines the phenotype in the heterozygous condition
recessive
a trait or gene that is masked by the presence of a dominant gene or trait
fertilization
the union of gamete to begin the life of a new organism
gamete
a reproductive cell (usually haploid) that can unite with another reproductive cell to create a zygote. Sperm and egg cells are types of gametes.
gene
a unite of heredity that may influence the outcome of a trait in an organism
genetic recombination
the process in which chromosomes are broken and then rejoined to form a novel genetic combination; the process in which alleles are assorted and passed to offspring in combinations that are different from those found in the parents.
P generation
the parental generation in a genetic cross
F1 generation
the offspring produced from a cross of a parental generation
F2 generation
the offspring produced from a cross or self fertilization of the F1 generation
heterozygous
describes a diploid individual that has different versions of the same gene
homozygous
describes a diploid individual that has two identical alleles of a particular gene
hybrid
an offspring obtained from a hybridization experiment; a cell produced from a cell fusion experiment in which the two separate nuclei have fused to make a single nucleus arrangement of alleles on a chromosome that is the same as one or both members of the parental generation
genotype
the genetic composition of an individual, especially in terms of the alleles for particular genes
phenotype
the observational traits of an organism
probability
the change that an outcome will occur in the future
trait
characteristics of an organism, also specific properties of a character
One-Factor-cross
a cross in which the inheritance of only one trait is followed
two-factor-cross
a cross in which an experimenter follows the outcome of two different characters.
Law of segragation
two copies of a gene segregate (or separate) from each other during the process that gives rise to gametes.
did mendel perform a single factor or two factor cross when discovering the law of segregation
single factor cross
what is the phenotype ratio seen in Mendel’s monohybrid cross experiments
3:1
law of independent assortment
two different genes will randomly assort their alleles during the process that gives rise to gametes
did mendel perform a single or two factor cross when discovering the law of independent assortment
two factor cross
what is the phenotypes ratio seen in mendel’s dihybrid cross experiments
9:3:3:1
asexual reproduction
a form of reproduction that does not involve the union of gametes; at the cellular level a preexisting cell divides to produce two new cells
sexual reproduction
process whereby parents make gametes (sperm and egg) that fuse with each other in the process of fertilization to begin the life of a new organism
autosomes
chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes
sex chromosomes
a pair of chromosomes (x and y) and the difference between males and females and determine the sex in the species
centromere
a segment of a eukaryotic chromosome that provides an attachment site for the kinetochore
sister chromatid
pairs of replicated chromosomes that are attached to each other at centromere. Sister chromatids are genetically identical
chromatin
the complex of DNA and proteins that is found within eukaryotic cells
chromosomes
structures within living cells that contain the genetic material. Genes are physically located within the chromosomes. Biochemically, a chromosome contains a very long segment of DNA, which is the genetic material, and proteins, which are bound to the DNA and provide an organized structure.
diploid
an organism or cell that contains two sets of chromosomes. Haploid gamete contains a single set.
haploid
refers to cell that contains half the genetic material found in somatic cells; for a species that is diploid,
heterogametic sex
in species with two types of sex chromosomes, the heterogametic sex produces two types of gametes
homogametic sex
in species with two types of sex chromosomes, the homogametic sex produces one type of gametes
