chapter 1-7

Question 1

allele

Answer 1

an alternative form of a specific gene

Question 2

dihybrid

Answer 2

a hybrid that is heterozygous for alleles of two different types.

Question 3

monohybrid

Answer 3

an individual produced from a single-factor cross in which the parents had different variants for a single character.

Question 4

dominant

Answer 4

describes an allele that determines the phenotype in the heterozygous condition

Question 5

recessive

Answer 5

a trait or gene that is masked by the presence of a dominant gene or trait

Question 6

fertilization

Answer 6

the union of gamete to begin the life of a new organism

Question 7

gamete

Answer 7

a reproductive cell (usually haploid) that can unite with another reproductive cell to create a zygote. Sperm and egg cells are types of gametes.

Question 8

gene

Answer 8

a unite of heredity that may influence the outcome of a trait in an organism

Question 9

genetic recombination

Answer 9

the process in which chromosomes are broken and then rejoined to form a novel genetic combination; the process in which alleles are assorted and passed to offspring in combinations that are different from those found in the parents.

Question 10

P generation

Answer 10

the parental generation in a genetic cross

Question 11

F1 generation

Answer 11

the offspring produced from a cross of a parental generation

Question 12

F2 generation

Answer 12

the offspring produced from a cross or self fertilization of the F1 generation

Question 13

heterozygous

Answer 13

describes a diploid individual that has different versions of the same gene

Question 14

homozygous

Answer 14

describes a diploid individual that has two identical alleles of a particular gene

Question 15

hybrid

Answer 15

an offspring obtained from a hybridization experiment; a cell produced from a cell fusion experiment in which the two separate nuclei have fused to make a single nucleus arrangement of alleles on a chromosome that is the same as one or both members of the parental generation

Question 16

genotype

Answer 16

the genetic composition of an individual, especially in terms of the alleles for particular genes

Question 17

phenotype

Answer 17

the observational traits of an organism

Question 18

probability

Answer 18

the change that an outcome will occur in the future

Question 19

trait

Answer 19

characteristics of an organism, also specific properties of a character

Question 20

One-Factor-cross

Answer 20

a cross in which the inheritance of only one trait is followed

Question 21

two-factor-cross

Answer 21

a cross in which an experimenter follows the outcome of two different characters.

Question 22

Law of segragation

Answer 22

two copies of a gene segregate (or separate) from each other during the process that gives rise to gametes.

Question 23

did mendel perform a single factor or two factor cross when discovering the law of segregation

Answer 23

single factor cross

Question 24

what is the phenotype ratio seen in Mendel’s monohybrid cross experiments

Answer 24

3:1

Question 25

law of independent assortment

Answer 25

two different genes will randomly assort their alleles during the process that gives rise to gametes

Question 26

did mendel perform a single or two factor cross when discovering the law of independent assortment

Answer 26

two factor cross

Question 27

what is the phenotypes ratio seen in mendel’s dihybrid cross experiments

Answer 27

9:3:3:1

Question 28

asexual reproduction

Answer 28

a form of reproduction that does not involve the union of gametes; at the cellular level a preexisting cell divides to produce two new cells

Question 29

sexual reproduction

Answer 29

process whereby parents make gametes (sperm and egg) that fuse with each other in the process of fertilization to begin the life of a new organism

Question 30

autosomes

Answer 30

chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes

Question 31

sex chromosomes

Answer 31

a pair of chromosomes (x and y) and the difference between males and females and determine the sex in the species

Question 32

centromere

Answer 32

a segment of a eukaryotic chromosome that provides an attachment site for the kinetochore

Question 33

sister chromatid

Answer 33

pairs of replicated chromosomes that are attached to each other at centromere. Sister chromatids are genetically identical

Question 34

chromatin

Answer 34

the complex of DNA and proteins that is found within eukaryotic cells

Question 35

chromosomes

Answer 35

structures within living cells that contain the genetic material. Genes are physically located within the chromosomes. Biochemically, a chromosome contains a very long segment of DNA, which is the genetic material, and proteins, which are bound to the DNA and provide an organized structure.

Question 36

diploid

Answer 36

an organism or cell that contains two sets of chromosomes. Haploid gamete contains a single set.

Question 37

haploid

Answer 37

refers to cell that contains half the genetic material found in somatic cells; for a species that is diploid,

Question 38

heterogametic sex

Answer 38

in species with two types of sex chromosomes, the heterogametic sex produces two types of gametes

Question 39

homogametic sex

Answer 39

in species with two types of sex chromosomes, the homogametic sex produces one type of gametes