Chapter 1-7 Flashcards
Skeletal system
Consist of around 206 bones
98% of the body is composed of how many elements
Six
What are the names of the elements the body is composed of ?
Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium, Phosphorus
The hierarchy structure of the body are
Chemicals
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
Organisms
Mitochondria
Known as the powerhouse cell responsible for energy production
Homeostasis
The body’s automatic tendency to maintain constant internal body environment through various processes
Kinesiology
Study of physical movements and the active and passive structures involved
Axial skeletal system
80 bones including skull , spine and ribs
Appendicular system
All other extensions of the axial skeletal system (126 bones)
60 upper extremities
60 lower extremities
2 in pelvic girdle
4 in shoulder girdle
Muscular system
Muscle tissue that connects to bones for movement to occur
Nervous system
Responsible for voluntary movements
Specifically the somatic system
Cardio respiratory system
Consist of the circulatory system and respiratory system
Circulatory system
Consist of the heart , arteries and veins which act as a transport system
Respiratory system
Consist of the lungs and air passage ways
Supply oxygen to the body
Remove carbon dioxide
Digestive system
Responsible for breaking down food and eliminating waste
Endocrine system
Releases hormones
Responsible for metabolic activities such as growth hormone
Growth hormone
Produced by the pituitary gland
Skeletal system
Made up of bones and joints
Five main category of bones
Flat bones Short bones Long bones Sesamoid bones Irregular bones
Ligaments
Connective tissue that connect bone to bone to form joints
Joints
The points where two bones connect
Synovial joints
Allow movement
Most important to fitness trainers
Synovial joints
Broken down into six categories
6 categories of the synovial joints
Gliding Condyloidal Ball and socket Hinge Saddle Pívot
Example of gliding joint
Tarsals of the foot
Example of Condyloidal joint
Wrist between the radius and the carpal bones
Example of the ball and socket joint
Shoulder and hip
Example of hinge joint
Elbow , ankle , and knee
Example of saddle joint
Thumb
Example of pívot joint
Pivotal radius at the radioulnar joint
3 types Muscular system
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Striated and involuntary
Makes up the wall of the heart
Smooth muscle
Smooth and involuntary
Found in other organs like those in the digestive system
Skeletal muscle
Striated , voluntary and fatigue easily
Attaches to bone
Responsible for all movement
Muscles
Made up of sacromeres
Sacromere
Structural unit of myofibril ( muscle fiber)
Myofibrils
Have overlapping strands of protein polymers called actin (thin) and myosin ( thick ).
What causes a muscle contraction
Electrical trigger stimulates the release of calcium which binds to actin. Allowing the interaction with the other contractile protein , myosin . Myosin pulls the actin and causes shortening in the muscle which leads to a muscle contraction
How do muscles connect ?
Via tendons, at the origin and insertion
Origin
The proximal attachment ( closer to the midfle of the body line )
Insertion
The distal attachment ( father from the midline )
Action
Specific movements that each muscle is responsible for
Innervation
Specific distribution of nerves to a prticutprt of the body . The arrangement of fibers or direction they run , will help you learn the direction they pull to produce movement
Types of muscle fibera
Parallel Fusiform Triangular Unipennate Bipennate Multipennat
Parralel MF
Run parallel To longitudinal axis of muscle, stylohyoid known as neck muscle
Fusi form MF
Run parallel to longitudinal access of muscle, known as the biceps brachii
Triangular MF
Spread over broad area pectoralis
UniPennate
Arrangement is only on one side of tendon, flexor pollicis longus
Bipennate
Arrangement on both sides of tennis, Soleus
Multipennate
Fibers are arranged obliquely or diagonal have several attachments known as deltoid
Two types of muscles
Type one slow twitch fibers and aerobic ( good for endurance)
Type too fast twitch and anaerobic (good for power)
What type of contractions does a muscle Produce?
Concentric
eccentric
isometric
What does eccentric contraction produce
Lengthens muscle to allow movement
What does concentric contraction produce
Muscle shortens to produce movement
What does isometric contraction do
Joint angle and muscle length do not change during isometric movement . some muscles will cross one or more joints
Muscles are classified according to what they do during movement
Three classifications of muscle movement are agonist, assistant, antagonist.
Agonist classification
Main muscle responsible for movement prime mover example
Biceps Breaky during bicep curl
Assistant muscle
Muscle that plays a secondary role in movement example shoulders during a chest press
Antagonist muscle
Muscle with an action directly opposite of the antagonist example triceps during elbow flexion of bicep curl
Sustained force movement
Where continuous muscle contraction occurs in order to keep moving a weight
Dynamic balance movement
Where constant agonist and antagonist muscles contractions Occur in order to maintain a certain position or posture
Ballistic movement
Where inertia movement exist after an explosive or quick maximum force contraction
Guided movement
Occurs when both Agnes and the antagonist contract to control movement
KINESTHESIS
Receptors in joints muscles and tendons that help you know where your body is in space
Golgi tendon organs
One of the receptors in KINESTHESIS, located at the junction of the muscle and tendon, respond to mechanical stress such as pressure. Sense excessive stretch to protect the muscle
Muscle spindles
Sensory receptors within the belly that detect changes in the length of muscle. Responsible for fine movement
Bio mechanics
The specific study of movement
Biomechanics
Study of stability, force, angle of muscle pool, work, power
Stability
The ability to maintain a balance state
Force
Interaction that creates work action physical change it is broken down into magnet direction application line of force and exhibit it into push and pull type of motion
Angle of muscle pull
The angle at which a muscle pulls relative to the long access of the bone on which it pulls
Work
What happens when a force is applied to an object
Define by equation W= f x D
W=work F =force D =distance or displacement of an object being moved
Power
The work done in a unit of time
Newtons law of motion
Three laws of motion wish contribute key principles of biomechanics
Newtons first law
Object stays at rest or moved unless compelled to do otherwise by outside force
Newton second law
Deals with force and its relationship to mass and acceleration
Newtons third law
States that objects in contact exert equal and opposite forces on each other
Force is the interaction that creates work or physical change its components are
Magnitude
direction
points of application
line of action
Thermodynamics
Branch of signs concerned with heat and energy and their conversions
Law of thermodynamics
Energy is never created nor destroyed it is transferred between entities
Eccentric
Type of contraction that occurs as Muscle is lengthening
Example of eccentric muscle contraction
During downward motion of bicep curl the bicep brakey is eccentricly contraction when appliance temple training this part of the movement which should be the focus therefore the slowest portion of repetition
Concentric
Type of contraction that occurs as a muscle is shortening
Example of concentric contraction
Depressing motion of bench press the pectorals is concentrically contracting
Isometric contraction
Contraction that exhibit strength but the limbs do not
Example of isometric contraction
Performing a plank
Lever is a rigid bar that runs about on its axis of rotation called the fulcrum
 Example seesaw
First class lever
Fulcrum between the force and resistance
Second class lever
Weight and resistance is between the fulcrum and application of force example wheel barrow
Third class lever
Force is between fulcrum and resistance example shovel
