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ISSA FAST TRACK PERSONAL TRAINER > Chapter 1-7 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Skeletal system

A

Consist of around 206 bones

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2
Q

98% of the body is composed of how many elements

A

Six

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3
Q

What are the names of the elements the body is composed of ?

A 
Oxygen,
Carbon,
Hydrogen,
Nitrogen,
Calcium,
Phosphorus
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4
Q

The hierarchy structure of the body are

A

Chemicals
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
Organisms

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5
Q

Mitochondria

A

Known as the powerhouse cell responsible for energy production

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6
Q

Homeostasis

A

The body’s automatic tendency to maintain constant internal body environment through various processes

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7
Q

Kinesiology

A

Study of physical movements and the active and passive structures involved

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8
Q

Axial skeletal system

A

80 bones including skull , spine and ribs

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9
Q

Appendicular system

A

All other extensions of the axial skeletal system (126 bones)

60 upper extremities
60 lower extremities
2 in pelvic girdle
4 in shoulder girdle

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10
Q

Muscular system

A

Muscle tissue that connects to bones for movement to occur

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11
Q

Nervous system

A

Responsible for voluntary movements

Specifically the somatic system

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12
Q

Cardio respiratory system

A

Consist of the circulatory system and respiratory system

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13
Q

Circulatory system

A

Consist of the heart , arteries and veins which act as a transport system

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14
Q

Respiratory system

A

Consist of the lungs and air passage ways

Supply oxygen to the body
Remove carbon dioxide

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15
Q

Digestive system

A

Responsible for breaking down food and eliminating waste

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16
Q

Endocrine system

A

Releases hormones

Responsible for metabolic activities such as growth hormone

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17
Q

Growth hormone

A

Produced by the pituitary gland

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18
Q

Skeletal system

A

Made up of bones and joints

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19
Q

Five main category of bones

A 
Flat bones
Short bones 
Long bones 
Sesamoid bones 
Irregular bones
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20
Q

Ligaments

A

Connective tissue that connect bone to bone to form joints

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21
Q

Joints

A

The points where two bones connect

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22
Q

Synovial joints

A

Allow movement

Most important to fitness trainers

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23
Q

Synovial joints

A

Broken down into six categories

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24
Q

6 categories of the synovial joints

A 
Gliding
Condyloidal
Ball and socket 
Hinge 
Saddle 
Pívot
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25
Q

Example of gliding joint

A

Tarsals of the foot

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26
Q

Example of Condyloidal joint

A

Wrist between the radius and the carpal bones

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27
Q

Example of the ball and socket joint

A

Shoulder and hip

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28
Q

Example of hinge joint

A

Elbow , ankle , and knee

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29
Q

Example of saddle joint

A

Thumb

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30
Q

Example of pívot joint

A

Pivotal radius at the radioulnar joint

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31
Q

3 types Muscular system

A

Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle

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32
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Striated and involuntary

Makes up the wall of the heart

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33
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Smooth and involuntary

Found in other organs like those in the digestive system

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34
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Striated , voluntary and fatigue easily
Attaches to bone
Responsible for all movement

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35
Q

Muscles

A

Made up of sacromeres

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36
Q

Sacromere

A

Structural unit of myofibril ( muscle fiber)

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37
Q

Myofibrils

A

Have overlapping strands of protein polymers called actin (thin) and myosin ( thick ).

38
Q

What causes a muscle contraction

A

Electrical trigger stimulates the release of calcium which binds to actin. Allowing the interaction with the other contractile protein , myosin . Myosin pulls the actin and causes shortening in the muscle which leads to a muscle contraction

39
Q

How do muscles connect ?

A

Via tendons, at the origin and insertion

40
Q

Origin

A

The proximal attachment ( closer to the midfle of the body line )

41
Q

Insertion

A

The distal attachment ( father from the midline )

42
Q

Action

A

Specific movements that each muscle is responsible for

43
Q

Innervation

A

Specific distribution of nerves to a prticutprt of the body . The arrangement of fibers or direction they run , will help you learn the direction they pull to produce movement

44
Q

Types of muscle fibera

A 
Parallel
Fusiform
Triangular
Unipennate
Bipennate
Multipennat
45
Q

Parralel MF

A

Run parallel To longitudinal axis of muscle, stylohyoid known as neck muscle

46
Q

Fusi form MF

A

Run parallel to longitudinal access of muscle, known as the biceps brachii

47
Q

Triangular MF

A

Spread over broad area pectoralis

48
Q

UniPennate

A

Arrangement is only on one side of tendon, flexor pollicis longus

49
Q

Bipennate

A

Arrangement on both sides of tennis, Soleus

50
Q

Multipennate

A

Fibers are arranged obliquely or diagonal have several attachments known as deltoid

51
Q

Two types of muscles

A

Type one slow twitch fibers and aerobic ( good for endurance)
Type too fast twitch and anaerobic (good for power)

52
Q

What type of contractions does a muscle Produce?

A

Concentric
eccentric
isometric

53
Q

What does eccentric contraction produce

A

Lengthens muscle to allow movement

54
Q

What does concentric contraction produce

A

Muscle shortens to produce movement

55
Q

What does isometric contraction do

A

Joint angle and muscle length do not change during isometric movement . some muscles will cross one or more joints

56
Q

Muscles are classified according to what they do during movement

A

Three classifications of muscle movement are agonist, assistant, antagonist.

57
Q

Agonist classification

A

Main muscle responsible for movement prime mover example

Biceps Breaky during bicep curl

58
Q

Assistant muscle

A

Muscle that plays a secondary role in movement example shoulders during a chest press

59
Q

Antagonist muscle

A

Muscle with an action directly opposite of the antagonist example triceps during elbow flexion of bicep curl

60
Q

Sustained force movement

A

Where continuous muscle contraction occurs in order to keep moving a weight

61
Q

Dynamic balance movement

A

Where constant agonist and antagonist muscles contractions Occur in order to maintain a certain position or posture

62
Q

Ballistic movement

A

Where inertia movement exist after an explosive or quick maximum force contraction

63
Q

Guided movement

A

Occurs when both Agnes and the antagonist contract to control movement

64
Q

KINESTHESIS

A

Receptors in joints muscles and tendons that help you know where your body is in space

65
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

One of the receptors in KINESTHESIS, located at the junction of the muscle and tendon, respond to mechanical stress such as pressure. Sense excessive stretch to protect the muscle

66
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Sensory receptors within the belly that detect changes in the length of muscle. Responsible for fine movement

67
Q

Bio mechanics

A

The specific study of movement

68
Q

Biomechanics

A

Study of stability, force, angle of muscle pool, work, power

69
Q

Stability

A

The ability to maintain a balance state

70
Q

Force

A

Interaction that creates work action physical change it is broken down into magnet direction application line of force and exhibit it into push and pull type of motion

71
Q

Angle of muscle pull

A

The angle at which a muscle pulls relative to the long access of the bone on which it pulls

72
Q

Work

A

What happens when a force is applied to an object
Define by equation W= f x D
W=work F =force D =distance or displacement of an object being moved

73
Q

Power

A

The work done in a unit of time

74
Q

Newtons law of motion

A

Three laws of motion wish contribute key principles of biomechanics

75
Q

Newtons first law

A

Object stays at rest or moved unless compelled to do otherwise by outside force

76
Q

Newton second law

A

Deals with force and its relationship to mass and acceleration

77
Q

Newtons third law

A

States that objects in contact exert equal and opposite forces on each other

78
Q

Force is the interaction that creates work or physical change its components are

A

Magnitude
direction
points of application
line of action

79
Q

Thermodynamics

A

Branch of signs concerned with heat and energy and their conversions

80
Q

Law of thermodynamics

A

Energy is never created nor destroyed it is transferred between entities

81
Q

Eccentric

A

Type of contraction that occurs as Muscle is lengthening

82
Q

Example of eccentric muscle contraction

A

During downward motion of bicep curl the bicep brakey is eccentricly contraction when appliance temple training this part of the movement which should be the focus therefore the slowest portion of repetition

83
Q

Concentric

A

Type of contraction that occurs as a muscle is shortening

84
Q

Example of concentric contraction

A

Depressing motion of bench press the pectorals is concentrically contracting

85
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Contraction that exhibit strength but the limbs do not

86
Q

Example of isometric contraction

A

Performing a plank

87
Q

Lever is a rigid bar that runs about on its axis of rotation called the fulcrum

A

 Example seesaw

88
Q

First class lever

A

Fulcrum between the force and resistance

89
Q

Second class lever

A

Weight and resistance is between the fulcrum and application of force example wheel barrow

90
Q

Third class lever

A

Force is between fulcrum and resistance example shovel

ISSA FAST TRACK PERSONAL TRAINER (1 decks)

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