Chapter 1⏳ Flashcards
two parts of skin
epidermis
dermis
Superficial part of the skin
epidermis
deep part of the skin
dermis
is a stratified whose cells become flattened as they mature and rise to the surface
Epidermis
is composed of dense connective tissue containing many blood vessels,lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
Dermis
the dermis of the skin is connected to the underlying deep fascia or bones called
Superficial fascia/ Subcutaneous tissue
the skin over joints always folds in the same place
Skin Creases
Appendages of the skin
Nails, hair follicles sebaceous glands and sweat glands
keratinized plates on the dorsal surfaces of the tips of the fingers and toes
nails
proximal edge of the plate
root of the nail
with the exception of the dital plate,the nail is surrounded and overlapped by folds of skin called
nail folds
where the hair grows, it lies obliquely to the skin surface
Hair follicles
expanded extremities, penetrate to the deeper part of the dermis. it is concave at its end.
Hair bulbs
vascular connective tissue occupies the concave air bulbs
hair papilla
A band of smooth muscle ,connects the undersurface of the follicle to the superficial part of the dermis
Arrector pili
dimpling of the skin effect of the pull of the muscle
Gooseflesh
pour their secretion,onto the shafts of the fairs as they pass up through the necks of the follicles.They are situated on the sloping undersurface of the follicles lie within the dermis
Sebaceous glands
secretion of sebaceous glands,oily material that helps preserve the flexibility of the emerging hair
Sebum
are long , spiral,tubular glands distributed over the surface of the body, the mist deeply penetrating structure of all epidermal appendages
Sweat glands
Two types of fasciae
Superficial and Deep
is a mixture of loose areolar and adipose tissue that unites the dermis of the skin to the underlying deep fascia
Superficial Fascia/subcutaneous tissue
is a membraneous layer of connective tissue that invests the muscles and other deep structure
deep fascia
in the region of the joints,the deep fascia maybe considerably thickened to form restraining bands. Their function is to hold underlying tendons in position to serve as pulleys around which the tendons move
Retinacula
Three types of muscle
Skeletal,smooth,cardiac
Produce the movements of the skeleton,they are sometimes called voluntary muscles and are made up of striped muscle fibers
skeletal muscles
the attachment that moves you the least
origin
the one that moves the most
insection
the fleshy part of the muscle
belly
the ends of a muscle are attached to bones,cartilage, or ligaments by cords of fibrous tissue
tendons
flattened muscles are attached by a thin but strong sheet of fibrous tissue
aponeurosis
is an interdigition of the tendinous ends of fibers of flat muscles
raphe
the muscle fibers are bound together with delicate areolar tissue which is condensed on the surface to form a fibrous envelope
epimysium
muscles whose fibers run obliquely to the line of pull (they resemble a feather)
pennate muscle
is one in which the tendon lies along side of the muscle and the muscle fibers pass obliquely to it (extensor digitorum longgus)
unioennate muscle
is one in which the tendon lies in the center of the muscle fibers pass to it from two sides ex. rectus femoris
bipennate muscle
mYbe arranged as a series of bipennate muscles lying alongside one another (acromial fibers of the deltoid) or may have the tendons lying withing its center and the muscle fibers passing to it from all sides,converging as they go (tibialis anterior)
multipennate muscle
all movements are the result of the coordinated action of many muscles
skeletal muscle action
a muscle is a prime mover when it is chief muscle or member of a chief group of muscles responsible for a particular movement.
prime mover
Any muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover. before a prime mover can contract, this muscle must be equally relaxed, this is brought about by nervous reflex inhibition
antagonist
contracts isometrically to stabilize the origin of the prime mover so that it can act efficiently. for example, the muscles attaching the shoulder girdle to the trunk contract as this muscle to allow the deltoid to act on the shoulder joint.
fixator
to prevent unwanted movements in an intermidiate joint in many locations in the body, the prime mover muscle crosses several joints before it reaches the joint at which its main actiona takes place. to prevent unwanted movements in an intermidiate joint
synergist
the nerve enters the muscle at anout midpoint on its deep surface,often near the margin.
motor point
consist of long spindle-shaped cells cells closely arranged in bundles or sheets
smooth muscles
a wave of contraction of the circulatory arranged fibers passes along the tube, milking the contents onward
peristalsis
consists of striated muscle fibers that branch and unite with each other. it forms the myocardium of the heart.
cardiac muscle
specialized cardia muscle fibers forms
conducting system of the heart
site where two or more bones come together,whether or not movement occurs between them.
joints
three types of joints
fibrous joints, cartilaginuous joints, fibrous joints and synovial joints
a type of joints that the articulating surface of the bones are joined by fibrous tissue and thus very little movement is possible
fibrous joints
two types of cartilaginous joints
primary cartilaginous joints and secondary cartilaginous joints
is one in which the bines are united by a plate or a bar of hyaline cartilage ex. epiphysis and the diaphysis of a growing bone and that the first rib and the manubrium sterni are example of sucha joint
primary catilaginous joint
is one in which the bones are united by a plate of fibrocartilage and the articular surfaces of the bones are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage. a small amount of movement is possible. ex. joints between the vertebral bodies and the symphysis pubis
secondary cartilaginous joint
the articular surfaces of the bones are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage separated by joint cavity this arrangement permits a great degree of freedom of movement
synovial joint
the cavity of the joint is lined by a membrane, which extends the margins of one articular surface to those of others
synovial membrane
the synovial membrane is protected in the outside by a tough fibrous membrane
capsule of the joint
the articular surfaces are lubricated by a viscous fluid, which is produced by the synovial membrane
synovial fluid
in certain, synovial joints, discs or wedges of fibrocartilage are interposed between the articular surfaces of the bines
articular discs
are found in some synovial joints lying between the synovial membrane anf the fibrous capsule or bone
fatty pads
uniting the bones
ligaments
the apposed articular surfaces are flat or almost flat, and this permits the bones to slide on one another ex. strenoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints
plain joint
joints thst resemble the jinge in the door, so the flexion and extension movements are possible. elbow,knee and ankle joints
hinge joints
a central body pivot is surrounded by a bony-ligamentous thing and rotation is the only movement possible
pivot joints
have two distinct convex surfaces that articulate with two concave surfaces
conyloid joints
in ellipsoid joints, an elliptical convex articular surface fits into an elliptical concave articular surface
ellipsoid joints
the articular surfaces are reciprocally concavoconvex and resemble a saddle on a horse’s back caroometacarpal joint
saddle joints
a ball shaped head of one bone fits into a socketlike concavity of another ex. shoulder and hip joint
ball and socket joint
prevent excessive movement in a joint, but if the stress is continued for an excessively long period, then fibropus ligaments stretch. most are composed of dense bundles of collagen fibers and are unstretchable under normal conditions
fibrous ligaments
a ilgament that return on their original length after stetching. composed largely of elastic tissues and can therefore regain its original length after stretching
elastic joints
is the major factor controlling stability
muscle tone
a law that a sensory nerve supplying a joint also supplies the muscle moving the joint and the skin overlaying the insertions of these muscles
hilton’s law
is a cord or band of con ective tissue uniting two structures
ligaments
is a lubricating device consisting of a closed sac lined with a delicate smooth membrane. its wLls are separated by a film of viscous fluid
bursae
nerve fibers
motor fibers-alpha, gamma. sensory fibers.sympathetic fibers
are found in some synovial joints lying between the synovial membrane and the fibrous capsule or bone
fatty pads
is a tubular bursa that surrounds a tendon
synovial sheath
blood vessels three types
arteries, veins and capillaries
transport blood from the heart and distribute it to the various tissues of the body
arteries
the smallest arteries
arterioles
joining of branches of arteries
anastomosis
are vessels whose terminal branches do not anastosome with branches of arteries supplying adjacent areas
anatomic end arteries
are vessels whose terminal branches do anastomose with those of adjacent arteries, but the caliber of the anastomosis is insufficient to keep the tissue alive should one of the arteries become blocked
functional end arteries
are vessels that transport blood back to the heart; many of them possess valves
veins
smallest veins
venules
venules forming larger veins
tributaries
tributaries commonly join with one another to form
venous plexus
medium-size deep arteries are often accompanied by two veins, one on each side
venae comitantes
are microscopic vessels in the form of a network connecting the arterioles to the venules
capillaries
resemble capillaries in that they are thin-walled blood vessels, but they have an irregular cross diameter and are wider than capillaries
sinusoids
2 things that consists lymphatic system
lymphatic tissues and lymphatic vessels
are a type of connective tissue that contains large numbers of lymphocytes
lymphatic tissues
are tubes that assist the cardiovascular system in the removal of tissue fluid from the tissue spaces of the body; the vessels the. return the fluid to the blood
lymphatic vessels
is the name given to tissue fluid once it has entered a lymphatic vessel
lymph
are a network of fine vessels that drain lymph from the tissues
lymph capillaries
two main parts of nervous system
the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system
consists of the brain and spinal cord
the central nervous system
which consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves and their associated gangllia
the peripheral nervous system
the CNS is composed of large numbers of nerve cells and their processes, supported by specialized tissue
neuroglia
is the term given to the nerve cell and all its processes
neuron
nerve cell has two types of processes
dendrites and axon
the interior of the cns is organized into
gray and white matter
consists of nerve cells embedded in neuroglia
gray matter
consists of nerve fibers (axons) embedded in neuroglia
white matter
consists of the cranial and spinal nerves and their associated ganglia
peripheral nrvous system
how many pairs of cranial nerves are there that leave the brain and pass through foramina in the skull
12
total pairs of spinal nerves leave the spinal cord and pass through intervertebral foramina in the vertebral column
31
names according to the region of the vertebral column with which they are associated
8 cervical,12 thoracic, 5 lumbar,5 sacral, and 1 coccycgeal
at the root of the limbs, the anterior rami join one another to form complicated nerve plexuses. the cervial and brachial plexuses are found at the root of the upper limbs, and the lumbar and sacral plexuses are found at the root of the lower limbs
plexuses
the fine terminal branches of the sensory axon
dendrites
is the part of the nervous system concerned with the innervaton of involuntary structures such as the heart, smooth muscle, and glands throughout the body and is distributed throughout the central and peripheral nervous system
autonomic nervous system
2 parts of autonomic nervous systerm
sympathetic, parasympathetic
ct and 6 (flexion of the elbow joint by tapping the biceps tendon
biceps brachii tendon reflex
c6,7 and 8 (extension of the elbow joint by tapping the triceps tendon
triceps tendon reflex
c5, 6, and 7 (supination of the radiouulnar joints by tapping the insertion of the brachioradialis tendon)
brachioradialis tendon reflex
(contraction of underlying abdominal muscles by stroking the skin, upper abdominal skin t6 to 7, middle abdominal skin t8 to t9,and lower abdominal skin t10 to t12
abdominal superficial reflexes
(knee jerk) l2,3, and 4 (extension of the knee joint on tapping the patellar tendon
patellar tendon reflex
ankle jerk, s1 and s2 (plantar flexion of the ankle joint on tapping the achilles tendon
achilles tendon reflex
the gray matter of the spinal cord, from the first thoracic segment to the second lumbar segment, possesses a lateral horn, or column, in which are located the cell bodies of the sympathetic connector neurons
efferent fibers
the afferent myelinated nerve fibers travel from the viscera through the sympathetic ganglia without synapsing
afferent fibers
the connector cells of this part of the system are located. in the brain and the sacral segments of the spinal cord
efferent fibers
the afferent myelinated fibers travel from the viscera to their cell bodies located either in the sensory ganglia of the sacrospinal nerves
afferent fibers
is the name given to the lining of organs or passages that communicate with the surface of the body
mucuos membranes
other terms for mucous membranes
lamina propria muscularis mucosa
line the cavities of the trunk and reflected onto the mobile viscera lying within these cavities
serous membranes
serous membranes types
parietal layer, visceral layer,pleural,pericardial, peritoneal cavities and serous exudate.
is a living tissue capable of changing its structure as the result of the stresses to which it is subjected
bine
two forms of bones
compact and cancellous
appears as a solid mass
compact bone
cancellous bone consists of a branching network
trabeculae
bines found in the limbs
long bones
connective tissue sheath that covers the outer part of the shaft is composed of compact bone
periosteum
are found in the hand and foot
short bones
are found in the vault if the skull ex. the frontal and parietal bones. composed of thin inner and other layers of compact bone, the tables, separated by a large if cancellous bone
flat bones
are small nodules of bone that ae found in certain tendons where they rub over bony surfaces
sesamoid bones
the surfaces of bones show various markings or irregularities
surface markings of bones
the marrow cavity in long and short bines the interstices of the cancellous bone in flat and irregular bones
bine marrow
Fact
bone is developed by two processes:membranous and endochondral. in the first process the bone is developed directly from a connective tissue membrane, in the second, a cartilaginous model is first laid down and is lateral replaced by bone. For details of the cellular changes involved, a textbook of histology or embryology should be consulted.
is a form of connective tissue in which the cells and fibers are embedded in a gel-like matrix, the latter being responsible for its firmness and resilience
cartilage
three types of cartilage
hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage,elastic cartilage
