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Basic Structures of Anatomy > Chapter 1⏳ > Flashcards

Chapter 1⏳ Flashcards

1
Q

two parts of skin

A

epidermis

dermis

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2
Q

Superficial part of the skin

A

epidermis

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3
Q

deep part of the skin

A

dermis

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4
Q

is a stratified whose cells become flattened as they mature and rise to the surface

A

Epidermis

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5
Q

is composed of dense connective tissue containing many blood vessels,lymphatic vessels, and nerves.

A

Dermis

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6
Q

the dermis of the skin is connected to the underlying deep fascia or bones called

A

Superficial fascia/ Subcutaneous tissue

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7
Q

the skin over joints always folds in the same place

A

Skin Creases

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8
Q

Appendages of the skin

A

Nails, hair follicles sebaceous glands and sweat glands

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9
Q

keratinized plates on the dorsal surfaces of the tips of the fingers and toes

A

nails

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10
Q

proximal edge of the plate

A

root of the nail

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11
Q

with the exception of the dital plate,the nail is surrounded and overlapped by folds of skin called

A

nail folds

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12
Q

where the hair grows, it lies obliquely to the skin surface

A

Hair follicles

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13
Q

expanded extremities, penetrate to the deeper part of the dermis. it is concave at its end.

A

Hair bulbs

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14
Q

vascular connective tissue occupies the concave air bulbs

A

hair papilla

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15
Q

A band of smooth muscle ,connects the undersurface of the follicle to the superficial part of the dermis

A

Arrector pili

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16
Q

dimpling of the skin effect of the pull of the muscle

A

Gooseflesh

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17
Q

pour their secretion,onto the shafts of the fairs as they pass up through the necks of the follicles.They are situated on the sloping undersurface of the follicles lie within the dermis

A

Sebaceous glands

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18
Q

secretion of sebaceous glands,oily material that helps preserve the flexibility of the emerging hair

A

Sebum

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19
Q

are long , spiral,tubular glands distributed over the surface of the body, the mist deeply penetrating structure of all epidermal appendages

A

Sweat glands

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20
Q

Two types of fasciae

A

Superficial and Deep

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21
Q

is a mixture of loose areolar and adipose tissue that unites the dermis of the skin to the underlying deep fascia

A

Superficial Fascia/subcutaneous tissue

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22
Q

is a membraneous layer of connective tissue that invests the muscles and other deep structure

A

deep fascia

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23
Q

in the region of the joints,the deep fascia maybe considerably thickened to form restraining bands. Their function is to hold underlying tendons in position to serve as pulleys around which the tendons move

A

Retinacula

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24
Q

Three types of muscle

A

Skeletal,smooth,cardiac

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25
Q

Produce the movements of the skeleton,they are sometimes called voluntary muscles and are made up of striped muscle fibers

A

skeletal muscles

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26
Q

the attachment that moves you the least

A

origin

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27
Q

the one that moves the most

A

insection

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28
Q

the fleshy part of the muscle

A

belly

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29
Q

the ends of a muscle are attached to bones,cartilage, or ligaments by cords of fibrous tissue

A

tendons

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30
Q

flattened muscles are attached by a thin but strong sheet of fibrous tissue

A

aponeurosis

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31
Q

is an interdigition of the tendinous ends of fibers of flat muscles

A

raphe

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32
Q

the muscle fibers are bound together with delicate areolar tissue which is condensed on the surface to form a fibrous envelope

A

epimysium

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33
Q

muscles whose fibers run obliquely to the line of pull (they resemble a feather)

A

pennate muscle

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34
Q

is one in which the tendon lies along side of the muscle and the muscle fibers pass obliquely to it (extensor digitorum longgus)

A

unioennate muscle

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35
Q

is one in which the tendon lies in the center of the muscle fibers pass to it from two sides ex. rectus femoris

A

bipennate muscle

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36
Q

mYbe arranged as a series of bipennate muscles lying alongside one another (acromial fibers of the deltoid) or may have the tendons lying withing its center and the muscle fibers passing to it from all sides,converging as they go (tibialis anterior)

A

multipennate muscle

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37
Q

all movements are the result of the coordinated action of many muscles

A

skeletal muscle action

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38
Q

a muscle is a prime mover when it is chief muscle or member of a chief group of muscles responsible for a particular movement.

A

prime mover

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39
Q

Any muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover. before a prime mover can contract, this muscle must be equally relaxed, this is brought about by nervous reflex inhibition

A

antagonist

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40
Q

contracts isometrically to stabilize the origin of the prime mover so that it can act efficiently. for example, the muscles attaching the shoulder girdle to the trunk contract as this muscle to allow the deltoid to act on the shoulder joint.

A

fixator

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41
Q

to prevent unwanted movements in an intermidiate joint in many locations in the body, the prime mover muscle crosses several joints before it reaches the joint at which its main actiona takes place. to prevent unwanted movements in an intermidiate joint

A

synergist

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42
Q

the nerve enters the muscle at anout midpoint on its deep surface,often near the margin.

A

motor point

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43
Q

consist of long spindle-shaped cells cells closely arranged in bundles or sheets

A

smooth muscles

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44
Q

a wave of contraction of the circulatory arranged fibers passes along the tube, milking the contents onward

A

peristalsis

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45
Q

consists of striated muscle fibers that branch and unite with each other. it forms the myocardium of the heart.

A

cardiac muscle

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46
Q

specialized cardia muscle fibers forms

A

conducting system of the heart

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47
Q

site where two or more bones come together,whether or not movement occurs between them.

A

joints

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48
Q

three types of joints

A

fibrous joints, cartilaginuous joints, fibrous joints and synovial joints

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49
Q

a type of joints that the articulating surface of the bones are joined by fibrous tissue and thus very little movement is possible

A

fibrous joints

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50
Q

two types of cartilaginous joints

A

primary cartilaginous joints and secondary cartilaginous joints

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51
Q

is one in which the bines are united by a plate or a bar of hyaline cartilage ex. epiphysis and the diaphysis of a growing bone and that the first rib and the manubrium sterni are example of sucha joint

A

primary catilaginous joint

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52
Q

is one in which the bones are united by a plate of fibrocartilage and the articular surfaces of the bones are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage. a small amount of movement is possible. ex. joints between the vertebral bodies and the symphysis pubis

A

secondary cartilaginous joint

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53
Q

the articular surfaces of the bones are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage separated by joint cavity this arrangement permits a great degree of freedom of movement

A

synovial joint

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54
Q

the cavity of the joint is lined by a membrane, which extends the margins of one articular surface to those of others

A

synovial membrane

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55
Q

the synovial membrane is protected in the outside by a tough fibrous membrane

A

capsule of the joint

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56
Q

the articular surfaces are lubricated by a viscous fluid, which is produced by the synovial membrane

A

synovial fluid

57
Q

in certain, synovial joints, discs or wedges of fibrocartilage are interposed between the articular surfaces of the bines

A

articular discs

58
Q

are found in some synovial joints lying between the synovial membrane anf the fibrous capsule or bone

A

fatty pads

59
Q

uniting the bones

A

ligaments

60
Q

the apposed articular surfaces are flat or almost flat, and this permits the bones to slide on one another ex. strenoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints

A

plain joint

61
Q

joints thst resemble the jinge in the door, so the flexion and extension movements are possible. elbow,knee and ankle joints

A

hinge joints

62
Q

a central body pivot is surrounded by a bony-ligamentous thing and rotation is the only movement possible

A

pivot joints

63
Q

have two distinct convex surfaces that articulate with two concave surfaces

A

conyloid joints

64
Q

in ellipsoid joints, an elliptical convex articular surface fits into an elliptical concave articular surface

A

ellipsoid joints

65
Q

the articular surfaces are reciprocally concavoconvex and resemble a saddle on a horse’s back caroometacarpal joint

A

saddle joints

66
Q

a ball shaped head of one bone fits into a socketlike concavity of another ex. shoulder and hip joint

A

ball and socket joint

67
Q

prevent excessive movement in a joint, but if the stress is continued for an excessively long period, then fibropus ligaments stretch. most are composed of dense bundles of collagen fibers and are unstretchable under normal conditions

A

fibrous ligaments

68
Q

a ilgament that return on their original length after stetching. composed largely of elastic tissues and can therefore regain its original length after stretching

A

elastic joints

69
Q

is the major factor controlling stability

A

muscle tone

70
Q

a law that a sensory nerve supplying a joint also supplies the muscle moving the joint and the skin overlaying the insertions of these muscles

A

hilton’s law

71
Q

is a cord or band of con ective tissue uniting two structures

A

ligaments

72
Q

is a lubricating device consisting of a closed sac lined with a delicate smooth membrane. its wLls are separated by a film of viscous fluid

A

bursae

73
Q

nerve fibers

A

motor fibers-alpha, gamma. sensory fibers.sympathetic fibers

74
Q

are found in some synovial joints lying between the synovial membrane and the fibrous capsule or bone

A

fatty pads

75
Q

is a tubular bursa that surrounds a tendon

A

synovial sheath

76
Q

blood vessels three types

A

arteries, veins and capillaries

77
Q

transport blood from the heart and distribute it to the various tissues of the body

A

arteries

78
Q

the smallest arteries

A

arterioles

79
Q

joining of branches of arteries

A

anastomosis

80
Q

are vessels whose terminal branches do not anastosome with branches of arteries supplying adjacent areas

A

anatomic end arteries

81
Q

are vessels whose terminal branches do anastomose with those of adjacent arteries, but the caliber of the anastomosis is insufficient to keep the tissue alive should one of the arteries become blocked

A

functional end arteries

82
Q

are vessels that transport blood back to the heart; many of them possess valves

A

veins

83
Q

smallest veins

A

venules

84
Q

venules forming larger veins

A

tributaries

85
Q

tributaries commonly join with one another to form

A

venous plexus

86
Q

medium-size deep arteries are often accompanied by two veins, one on each side

A

venae comitantes

87
Q

are microscopic vessels in the form of a network connecting the arterioles to the venules

A

capillaries

88
Q

resemble capillaries in that they are thin-walled blood vessels, but they have an irregular cross diameter and are wider than capillaries

A

sinusoids

89
Q

2 things that consists lymphatic system

A

lymphatic tissues and lymphatic vessels

90
Q

are a type of connective tissue that contains large numbers of lymphocytes

A

lymphatic tissues

91
Q

are tubes that assist the cardiovascular system in the removal of tissue fluid from the tissue spaces of the body; the vessels the. return the fluid to the blood

A

lymphatic vessels

92
Q

is the name given to tissue fluid once it has entered a lymphatic vessel

A

lymph

93
Q

are a network of fine vessels that drain lymph from the tissues

A

lymph capillaries

94
Q

two main parts of nervous system

A

the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system

95
Q

consists of the brain and spinal cord

A

the central nervous system

96
Q

which consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves and their associated gangllia

A

the peripheral nervous system

97
Q

the CNS is composed of large numbers of nerve cells and their processes, supported by specialized tissue

A

neuroglia

98
Q

is the term given to the nerve cell and all its processes

A

neuron

99
Q

nerve cell has two types of processes

A

dendrites and axon

100
Q

the interior of the cns is organized into

A

gray and white matter

101
Q

consists of nerve cells embedded in neuroglia

A

gray matter

102
Q

consists of nerve fibers (axons) embedded in neuroglia

A

white matter

103
Q

consists of the cranial and spinal nerves and their associated ganglia

A

peripheral nrvous system

104
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there that leave the brain and pass through foramina in the skull

A

12

105
Q

total pairs of spinal nerves leave the spinal cord and pass through intervertebral foramina in the vertebral column

A

31

106
Q

names according to the region of the vertebral column with which they are associated

A

8 cervical,12 thoracic, 5 lumbar,5 sacral, and 1 coccycgeal

107
Q

at the root of the limbs, the anterior rami join one another to form complicated nerve plexuses. the cervial and brachial plexuses are found at the root of the upper limbs, and the lumbar and sacral plexuses are found at the root of the lower limbs

A

plexuses

108
Q

the fine terminal branches of the sensory axon

A

dendrites

109
Q

is the part of the nervous system concerned with the innervaton of involuntary structures such as the heart, smooth muscle, and glands throughout the body and is distributed throughout the central and peripheral nervous system

A

autonomic nervous system

110
Q

2 parts of autonomic nervous systerm

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic

111
Q

ct and 6 (flexion of the elbow joint by tapping the biceps tendon

A

biceps brachii tendon reflex

112
Q

c6,7 and 8 (extension of the elbow joint by tapping the triceps tendon

A

triceps tendon reflex

113
Q

c5, 6, and 7 (supination of the radiouulnar joints by tapping the insertion of the brachioradialis tendon)

A

brachioradialis tendon reflex

114
Q

(contraction of underlying abdominal muscles by stroking the skin, upper abdominal skin t6 to 7, middle abdominal skin t8 to t9,and lower abdominal skin t10 to t12

A

abdominal superficial reflexes

115
Q

(knee jerk) l2,3, and 4 (extension of the knee joint on tapping the patellar tendon

A

patellar tendon reflex

116
Q

ankle jerk, s1 and s2 (plantar flexion of the ankle joint on tapping the achilles tendon

A

achilles tendon reflex

117
Q

the gray matter of the spinal cord, from the first thoracic segment to the second lumbar segment, possesses a lateral horn, or column, in which are located the cell bodies of the sympathetic connector neurons

A

efferent fibers

118
Q

the afferent myelinated nerve fibers travel from the viscera through the sympathetic ganglia without synapsing

A

afferent fibers

119
Q

the connector cells of this part of the system are located. in the brain and the sacral segments of the spinal cord

A

efferent fibers

120
Q

the afferent myelinated fibers travel from the viscera to their cell bodies located either in the sensory ganglia of the sacrospinal nerves

A

afferent fibers

121
Q

is the name given to the lining of organs or passages that communicate with the surface of the body

A

mucuos membranes

122
Q

other terms for mucous membranes

A

lamina propria muscularis mucosa

123
Q

line the cavities of the trunk and reflected onto the mobile viscera lying within these cavities

A

serous membranes

124
Q

serous membranes types

A

parietal layer, visceral layer,pleural,pericardial, peritoneal cavities and serous exudate.

125
Q

is a living tissue capable of changing its structure as the result of the stresses to which it is subjected

A

bine

126
Q

two forms of bones

A

compact and cancellous

127
Q

appears as a solid mass

A

compact bone

128
Q

cancellous bone consists of a branching network

A

trabeculae

129
Q

bines found in the limbs

A

long bones

130
Q

connective tissue sheath that covers the outer part of the shaft is composed of compact bone

A

periosteum

131
Q

are found in the hand and foot

A

short bones

132
Q

are found in the vault if the skull ex. the frontal and parietal bones. composed of thin inner and other layers of compact bone, the tables, separated by a large if cancellous bone

A

flat bones

133
Q

are small nodules of bone that ae found in certain tendons where they rub over bony surfaces

A

sesamoid bones

134
Q

the surfaces of bones show various markings or irregularities

A

surface markings of bones

135
Q

the marrow cavity in long and short bines the interstices of the cancellous bone in flat and irregular bones

A

bine marrow

136
Q

Fact

A

bone is developed by two processes:membranous and endochondral. in the first process the bone is developed directly from a connective tissue membrane, in the second, a cartilaginous model is first laid down and is lateral replaced by bone. For details of the cellular changes involved, a textbook of histology or embryology should be consulted.

137
Q

is a form of connective tissue in which the cells and fibers are embedded in a gel-like matrix, the latter being responsible for its firmness and resilience

A

cartilage

138
Q

three types of cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage,elastic cartilage

Basic Structures of Anatomy (1 decks)

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