Chapter 1

Question 1

What is:

1. The scientific method
2. Research methods and designs

Answer 1

1. A way to answer a question using empirical research and data based conclusions
2. Begin with curiosity, develop a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, draw conclusions, report the results

Question 2

Bronfenbrenners contexts of development

Answer 2

• the developing person: age, sex, health, abilities, temperament
• Microsystem(immediate, direct influences): house of worship, family, school, neighborhood, peer group
• Mesosystem(interaction of systems)
• Exosystem: religious values, mass media, transportation systems, medical institutions, community structures, educational systems
• Macrosystems: cultural patterns, political philosophies, economic policies, social conditions
• Chronosystem(dimension of time) changing conditions, personal and societal, over the life span

Question 3

Operant conditioning

Answer 3

Preform an action-get response- if response is pleasurable or useful more likely to repeat the action

Example: boyfriend says something sweet to girlfriend: girlfriend kisses his cheek: boyfriend more likely to say sweet things

Question 4

Classical conditioning

Answer 4

CS-CR

Pavlov

Question 5

Social learning theory

Answer 5

Learning by observation even w/o reinforcements

Kids watch video of kids playing violently with a toy-after watching videos children who arched the video were violent with the toy and the other children were not

Question 6

Psychoanalytic theory

Answer 6

Theory of human development that holds that irrational, unconscious drives, and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behaviors

Question 7

Developmental theory

Answer 7

Systematic statement of principles and generalizations providing a framework for understanding how and why people change over a life span

Question 8

Cognitive theory

Answer 8

Human development that focuses on changes in how people think over time

Thoughts shape attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors

Question 9

Humanism

Answer 9

Stresses the potential of all humans, who have the same basic needs, regardless of culture, gender or background

Question 10

Evolutionary theory

Answer 10

Nature works to ensure that each species does two things: survive and reproduce

Question 11

Masolows hierarchy of needs

Answer 11

1. Physiological
2. Safe and secure
3. Love and belonging
4. Esteem
5. Self actualization

Question 12

1. Physiological

Answer 12

Basic survival, water, food, shelter

Question 13

2. Safe and secure

Answer 13

Being protected and defended

Question 14

3. Love and belonging

Answer 14

Loved and appreciated as a partner, family member, and part of the group

Question 15

4. Esteem

Answer 15

Being respected, successful, and admired

Question 16

5. Self-actualization

Answer 16

Becoming your unique and wonderful self

Question 17

Correlation

Answer 17

Number between +1.0 and -1.0 indicates degree of relationship between two variables

Positive-both variables increase together
Negative- one variable increase while other decreases

Question 18

Quantitive research

Answer 18

Research that shows data that can be expressed with numbers such as ranks or scales

Question 19

Qualitative research

Answer 19

Considers qualities instead of quantities.